Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Use as Diagnostics

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a method of isolating extracellular vesicles directly from human tissues. The invention further relates to a method of identifying disease and tissue specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles by membrane isolation and proteomic analysis. The invention further relates to methods of diagnosing diseases by capturing extracellular vesicles by the use of disease specific membrane proteins from body fluids, and detecting or analyzing molecular signatures (proteome, DNA, and RNA) on captured extracellular vesicles. Moreover, the present invention relates to kits, apparatus and software required for implementing aforementioned methods.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/494,193 filed on Sep. 13, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,333,665; which is a national phase of PCT/EP2018/025067 filed on Mar. 22, 2018; which claims priority benefit to GB Provisional Application No. 1704646.7, filed Mar. 23, 2017 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to apparatus and methods for extracellular vesicles-based diagnosis of diseases, in particular apparatus and methods for identifying membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles which are specific for diseases and diagnosing diseases by using them. Moreover, the present disclosure relates to methods of isolating extracellular vesicles from tissues and identifying membrane proteins by membrane isolation, so called membrane proteomics. Furthermore, the present disclosure also relates to computer program products comprising non-transitory (namely non-transient) computer-readable storage media having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, the computer-readable instructions being executable by a computerized device comprising processing hardware to execute the aforesaid methods.

BACKGROUND

Extracellular vesicles are nano-sized vesicles (40 nm to 1000 nm in diameter) with a lipid bi-layer membrane and are known to be released by many cells in the human body; extracellular vesicles include, for example, exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Such extracellular vesicles are operable to mediate intercellular communication by either activating surface receptors of recipient cells or by transferring cargo proteins, nucleic acids (DNAs, mRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs, and small non-coding RNAs), or lipids to recipient cells. One of the most attractive considerations for extracellular vesicles is that a cargo of these extracellular vesicles is protected from extracellular enzymes and an immune system by a lipid membrane bilayer.

Extracellular vesicles have been found in many body fluids including blood (plasma and serum), urine, ejaculate, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, ascites, synovial fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage, pleural effusion, amniotic fluid, sweats, feces, cystic fluids, tears and breast milk, and they are considered to carry signatures of the cells that produce them. This means that extracellular vesicles have a significant potential as functioning as diagnostic markers when seeking to detect diseases. Several extracellular vesicular markers have been proposed for use in cancer diagnosis, including glypican-1 protein, EpCAM protein, KRAS-mutated DNA, and oncogenic mRNA and microRNAs.

Several cell types including reticulocytes, dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells, and embryonic cells are known to be capable of releasing exosomes, however their increased amount in the peripheral circulation appears to be unique to pregnancy and cancer. Furthermore, the primary source of circulating exosomes may be associated with tumors. Tumor patients have been found to have very high levels of tumor derived exosomes in plasma, ascites and pleural effusions.

To date, extracellular vesicular biomarker candidates have initially been identified in extracellular vesicles from a cell line, and have in some cases been proposed to be valid also for clinical diagnosis, but are often not detectable in real clinical diseases. Thus, such approaches are not considered to be valid ways to identify extracellular vesicular biomarkers for human disease. Therefore, any molecular signature of extracellular vesicles from human diseased tissue still remains to be described.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a new methodology for isolating extracellular vesicles from human tissues and identifying membrane and other extracellular vesicular molecular signatures as biomarker candidates.

A further objective of the present disclosure is to use the membrane proteins, and other molecular signatures, in diagnosis of diseases.

These and other objects, which are evident to the skilled person from the present disclosure, are met by the different aspects of the invention as claimed in the appended claims and as generally disclosed herein.

According to first aspect, the invention is realized by a method for isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins comprising:

-   -   (a) providing human tissues;     -   (b) chopping the human tissues to make a plurality of pieces of         the human tissue;     -   (c)isolating the extracellular vesicles from the chopped pieces         of human tissue;     -   (d) treating the extracellular vesicles with an aqueous         solution, wherein the aqueous solution has a pH in a range of 9         to 14 to obtain membranes;     -   (e)isolating the membranes;     -   (f) identifying proteins on the membranes by employing mass         spectrometry to identify tissue and/or disease-specific membrane         proteins; and     -   (g)isolating extracellular vesicles with such specific membrane         proteins to identify at least one of:         -   i. their disease-specific proteome;         -   ii. their disease-related RNA cargo; and         -   iii. their disease-related DNA cargo.

Optionally, the method further comprises a step:

-   -   (h) incubating with enzymes to release the extracellular         vesicles from a tissue matrix, wherein the step h is performed         concomitantly after the step (a), (b), or (c).

The above defined method provides methods to isolate the extracellular vesicles from human tissues and to identify the membrane protein signatures for further analysis and biomarker discovery. All cells in vivo produce the extracellular vesicles, and those extracellular vesicles are to a great extent entrapped in extracellular matrix of tissues. The released vesicles from any cell, or from any tissue, include a cloud of vesicles with different content, membrane molecules and with cellular origin. This makes the extracellular vesicles attractive biomarker sources. Current extracellular vesicles-based markers are identified from cultured cells, not from actual in vivo organ environment. Through the present invention, extracellular vesicles are isolated directly from human tissues, which are more relevant and realistic than cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles.

Optionally, the human tissues of steps (a) and (b) are obtained from a human body including tumors or diseased tissues. Further, the human tissues are derived from at least one of: liver, brain, kidney, heart, lung, skin, stomach, intestines, lymph nodes, bone marrow, adipose tissue, central and peripheral neural tissues, endocrine organs and muscles.

Optionally, isolating the membranes at the step (e) includes ultracentrifugation.

Optionally, the enzymes of the step (h) are one enzyme or combination of enzymes that are chosen from proteases including matrix metalloproteinase, collagenases, and papain and nucleases including DNase, RNase, and Benzonase.

Optionally, the RNA and DNA cargo of the step g are mutated RNAs or DNAs, or non-mutated profiles of RNA and/or DNA sequences/genes.

According to an embodiment, the invention is realized by a method of diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids, characterized in that the method comprises steps of:

-   -   (a) isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane         proteins using a method of first aspect;     -   (b) capturing extracellular vesicles by using an epitope         specific binder against the tissue or disease-specific membrane         proteins; and     -   (c) detecting extracellular vesicles by using an epitope         specific binder against the tissue or disease-specific membrane         proteins, or a combination of proteins.

Alternatively, the invention is realized by a method of diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles obtained from body fluids, characterized in that the method comprises steps of:

-   -   (a) isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane         proteins using a method of first aspect;     -   (b) capturing extracellular vesicles by using an         epitope-specific binder against the tissue or disease-specific         membrane proteins; and     -   (c) detecting nucleic acids on or in the captured extracellular         vesicles.

Alternatively, the invention is realized by a method of diagnosing diseases using tissue and disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids, characterized in that the method comprises steps of:

-   -   (a) isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane         proteins using a method of first aspect;     -   (b) adding an epitope-specific binder against a tissue or         disease-specific membrane protein and a lipid-biotin conjugate         to sample; and     -   (c) detecting a tissue-specific membrane protein by using alpha         LISA donor and acceptor beads.

Optionally, the body fluids are blood (plasma and serum), urine, ejaculate, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, ascites, synovial fluid, sputum, pleural effusion, amniotic fluid, sweats, feces, cystic fluids, tears and breast milk, or lavage fluids from different body cavities such as lung, pleural cavity, stomach, small intestine, colon, nose, urinary bladder or the peritoneal cavity. More optionally, the epitope specific binder is an antibody, an aptamer, or a peptide.

Optionally, the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein is a plasma membrane protein. More optionally, the plasma membrane protein is HLA-DR protein.

Optionally, the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein is a mitochondrial membrane protein. More optionally, the mitochondrial membrane protein is MTCO2 and/or COX6C proteins.

Optionally, the tissue or disease specific membrane protein is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that includes at least one of Erlin-2 or RPN1 proteins.

Optionally, the diseases are cancers and/or inflammatory diseases. More optionally, the nucleic acids are DNAs, mRNAs, miRNAs, ribosomal RNAs, and small non-coding RNAs and any other full length or fragment of RNAs or DNAs, including mutation-specific molecules.

Alternatively, the lipid-biotin conjugate is a cholesterol-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-biotin.

According to a second aspect, the invention is realized by a kit for capturing extracellular vesicles and detecting disease-associated markers, characterized in that the kit comprises:

-   -   (a) an epitope specific binder against tissue or         disease-specific membrane proteins: and     -   (b) at least one disease-associated marker detection agent.

Optionally, the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein is a plasma membrane protein, preferably HLA-DR protein.

Optionally, the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein is a mitochondrial membrane protein. More optionally, the mitochondrial membrane protein is MTCO2 and/or COX6C proteins. More optionally, the tissue or disease specific membrane protein is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that includes at least one of Erlin-2 or RPN1 proteins. Optionally, the kit is adapted for use in any of the methods of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins and/or diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids.

According to third aspect, the invention is realized by an apparatus for implementing the methods of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins and/or diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids.

According to fourth aspect, the invention is realized by a computer program product comprising non-transitory (namely non-transient) computer-readable storage media having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, the computer-readable instructions being executable by a computerized device comprising processing hardware to execute any of the method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins and/or diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids.

It will be appreciated that features of the invention are susceptible to being combined in various combinations without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

A better understanding of the present invention may be obtained through the following examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be more fully understood from examples described herein below and the accompanying drawings, which is given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is an image wherein there is observed a presence of extracellular vesicles in interstitial space of a melanoma metastatic tissue, as revealed by electron microscopy;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of three different protocols for isolating the extracellular vesicles from melanoma metastatic tissues;

FIGS. 3A-3F depict an RNA profile and morphology of extracellular vesicles isolated by three different protocols;

FIG. 4 is a Venn diagram of membrane proteins that are identified from five different extracellular vesicles, two from melanoma metastatic tissues and three from cell lines, by mass spectrometry;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a relative abundance comparison between membrane proteins from melanoma or non-melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles;

FIGS. 6A-6F provide an illustration of detection of cancer specific membrane proteins on isolated extracellular vesicles by ELISA;

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of sandwich ELISA to detect the double membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles;

FIGS. 8A-8D provide an illustration of detection of double cancer specific membrane proteins on isolated extracellular vesicles by sandwich ELISA;

FIGS. 9A-9B provide an illustration of detection of double cancer specific membrane proteins in plasma of melanoma patients and healthy control;

FIGS. 10A-10B provide an illustration of detection of double cancer specific membrane proteins on plasma of ovarian benign control, ovarian cancer patients, and healthy control; and

FIGS. 11A-11B provide an illustration of detection of double cancer specific membrane proteins on cystic fluids of ovarian benign control and ovarian cancer patients.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning

-   -   PBS Phosphate-buffered saline     -   EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid     -   BSA Bovine serum albumin     -   MTCO2 Mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II     -   SLC25A22 Solute Carrier Family 25 Member 22     -   COX6C Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C     -   EpCAM Epithelial cell adhesion molecule     -   HLA-DR Human Leukocyte Antigen—antigen D Related     -   HRP Horseradish peroxidase     -   ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay     -   FACS Fluorescence-activated cell sorting     -   LC-MS/MS Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry     -   LFQ Label free quantification     -   M Molar, mol/liter     -   mM Millimolar, millimol/liter     -   nm Nanometer     -   ml Milliliter     -   DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid     -   RNA Ribonucleic acid     -   mRNA Messenger RNA     -   miRNA Micro RNA     -   siRNA Small interfering RNA     -   HMC1 Human mast cell line-1     -   MSC Mesenchymal stem cell     -   MeT Metastatic tissue     -   RPMI Roswell Park Memorial Institute     -   ROC Receiver operating characteristic     -   AUC Area under curve     -   H hour

Definitions

As used herein, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

As used herein, the term “extracellular vesicle” means a vesicle released by a cell. Examples of “extracellular vesicles” include exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles, prostasomes, oncosomes, and apoptotic bodies.

The term “membrane” means biological membranes, i.e. the outer coverings of cells and organelles that allow passage of certain compounds. When the term “membrane” is used as a noun herein, it typically refers to an extracellular vesicle or organelle which encloses an intravesicular or organellar content and which has been opened to provide a non-enclosing form of the extracellular vesicle or organelle, i.e. a membrane form. Such membrane may originate from the outer Cell membrane, the Golgi-apparatus, the Endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus or mitochondria.

The term “cancer” refers to a group of different diseases, which are characterized by unregulated cell growth and infiltration to neighboring tissues due to the disruption of programmed cell death. A target to be diagnosed according to the present invention may be selected from a cancers selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, carcinoma originating from epithelial cells, such as lung cancer, larynx cancer, stomach cancer, large intestine/rectal cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, uterine cervical cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, skin cancer, or non-epithelial malignancies such as malignant melanoma, sarcoma originating from connective tissue cells, such as bone cancer, muscle cancer, adipose tissue sarcoma, mesothelioma, etc., blood cancer originating from hematopoietic cells or lymphatic system, such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, etc., and neuroma, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma or any other tumor originating in peripheral or central nervous system.

The term “inflammatory diseases,” as used herein, refers to a syndrome or symptom including edema, resulting from an abnormal accumulation of body fluid in tissues, congestion due to vascular dilation, increased heat by pyrogen and vasodilatation, and pain induced by arachidonic acid metabolites. Inflammation may be classified as acute, sub-acute, and chronic inflammation according to time, and as infectious, allergic, auto-immune, toxic, metabolic and traumatic inflammatory diseases according to pathophysiological conditions. A target to be diagnosed according to the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, respiratory inflammatory diseases such as rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis media, rhinopharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, etc., inflammatory diseases of the digestive system such as stomatitis, esophagitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, etc., skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc., cardiovascular inflammatory diseases such as endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis, arteriosclerosis, sepsis, etc., inflammatory diseases of the endocrine system, such as thyroiditis, parathyroiditis, diabetes, etc., inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system such as nephritis, nephropathy, interstitial nephritis, orchitis, oophoritis, endometritis, vaginosis, etc., inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system, such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondylarthritis, ostarthritis, gout, systemic lupus erythematosusethematosus, systemic sclerosis, myopathy, Sjogren syndrome, Behcet's disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, etc., inflammatory diseases of the Neuropsychiatric system, such as vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, degenerative brain diseases, depression, schizophrenia, and etc.

The terms “cell media”, “culture media” and/or “cell culture media” as used herein refer to a culture media used for preserving or culturing Melanoma metastatic tissues, cells and/or cell lines obtained from patient during surgery. The culture media include all supplements required for culturing and preservation of melanoma and/or carcinoma cell lines. The culture media may not include fetal bovine serum. For example, if the sample is a solid sample, cells from the sample can be cultured and exosome product is induced. In some embodiments, the sample is ascites fluid from a subject, e.g., ascites fluid from a human subject with ovarian cancer; cell culture media supernatant from a human primary melanoma cell line; cell culture mediasupernatant from a human primary colon cancer cell line; or murine macrophage, e.g., murine macrophage infected with tuberculosis. The culture media may be an ordinary medium, or may also be liquid nitrogen based medium. The liquid medium can be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic. In certain embodiments, the liquid medium contains a buffer and/or at least one salt or a combination of salts. Buffers can maintain pH within a particular range, for example, between 1 and 12, and are also referred to as pH stabilizing agents.

The term “membrane carrier” as used herein refers to membrane proteins that use electrochemical gradients to move selective chemical substrates across lipid bilayers. The membrane carriers may be deep membrane carriers. Furthermore, the membrane carriers may include but not limited to ions and small soluble organic molecules and/or lipid soluble substrates. The membrane proteins that may candidates to be biomarkers are listed in Table-1.

The term “apoptoticbody” as used herein refers to degenerate basal epidermal cells. The apoptotic bodies may include but not limited to colloid, hyaline, filamentous and/or civattebodies. Furthermore, the apoptotic bodies may be round, shrunken, homogeneous, eosinophilic bodies in the stratum basale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The practice of the embodiments described in further detail below will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of diagnostics, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry and immunology within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are for clarity described in the context of separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely various features of the invention, which are for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately and/or in any suitable sub-combination.

The methodology for isolating extracellular vesicles from human tissues and identifying membrane and other extracellular vesicular molecular signatures as biomarker candidates of the present disclosure is a method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins, the method including steps of providing human tissues; chopping the human tissues to make a plurality of pieces of the human tissue; isolating the extracellular vesicles from the chopped pieces of human tissue; treating the extracellular vesicles with an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution has a pH in a range of 9 to 14 to obtain membranes; isolating the membranes; identifying proteins on the membranes by employing mass spectrometry to identify tissue and/or disease-specific membrane proteins; and isolating extracellular vesicles with such specific membrane proteins to identify at least one of their disease-specific proteome, their disease-related RNA cargo and their disease-related DNA cargo.

In an embodiment, the method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins may include incubating the specific membrane proteins with enzymes to release the extracellular vesicles from a matrix just after providing the human tissues.

In another embodiment, the method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins may include incubating the specific membrane proteins with enzymes to release the extracellular vesicles from a matrix just after chopping the human tissues.

In yet another embodiment, the method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins may include incubating the specific membrane proteins with enzymes to release the extracellular vesicles from a matrix just after isolating the extracellular vesicles from the chopped pieces of human tissue.

In an embodiment, the human tissues may include tumor or diseased tissues and there may be no particular limitation on selection of human tissues. In an exemplary embodiment, the human tissues may be derived from but not limited to liver, brain, kidney, heart, lung, skin, stomach, intestines, lymph nodes, bone marrow, adipose tissue and muscles.

In an embodiment, isolating the membranes from the extracellular vesicles may include ultracentrifugation. For example, the membrane may be isolated using density gradient ultracentrifugation.

In an embodiment, the enzymes used in incubation for releasing the extracellular vesicles from the matrix may include enzyme or combination of enzymes chosen from proteases including matrix metalloproteinase, collagenases, and papain and nucleases including DNase, RNase, and Benzonase.

In another embodiment, identified disease-related RNA cargo or DNA cargo of the specific membrane proteins of the isolated extracellular vesicles may be mutated RNAs or DNAs.

The method of diagnosing diseases of the present disclosure is a method of diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids. The method includes steps of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins, capturing extracellular vesicles by using an epitope specific binder against the tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins and detecting extracellular vesicles by using an epitope specific binder against the tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins, or a combination of proteins.

The method further includes steps of adding an epitope-specific binder against a tissue or disease-specific membrane protein and a lipid-biotin conjugate to sample and detecting a tissue-specific membrane protein by using alpha capturing extracellular vesicles by using an epitope specific binder against the tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins donor and acceptor beads.

In an embodiment, the method may include isolating the extracellular vesicles from body fluids for providing the human tissues.

In an embodiment, the body fluids may include but not limited to blood (plasma and serum), urine, ejaculate, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, ascites, synovial fluid, sputum, pleural effusion, amniotic fluid, sweats, feces, cystic fluids, tears and breast milk, or lavage fluids from different body cavities such as lung, pleural cavity, stomach, small intestine, colon, nose, urinary bladder or the peritoneal cavity.

In an embodiment, the epitope specific binder may be an antibody, an aptamer, and/or a peptide.

In another embodiment, the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein may be a plasma membrane protein. For example, the plasma membrane protein may be HLA-DR protein and the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein may be a mitochondrial membrane protein. In an exemplary embodiment, the mitochondrial membrane protein may be MTCO2 and/or COX6C proteins.

In another embodiment, the tissue or disease specific membrane protein may be an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein. In an exemplary embodiment, the endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins may be Erlin-2 and/or RPN1 proteins.

In an embodiment, the diseases may be cancers and/or inflammatory diseases, as described above.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acids may include but not limited to DNAs, mRNAs, miRNAs, ribosomal RNAs, and small non-coding RNAs and any other full length or fragment of RNAs or DNAs, including mutation-specific molecules.

In an exemplary embodiment, the lipid-biotin conjugate may be a cholesterol-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-biotin.

The kit of the present disclosure for capturing extracellular vesicles is a kit for capturing extracellular vesicles and detecting disease-associated markers. The kit includes an epitope specific binder for tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins and at least one disease-associated marker detection agent.

In an embodiment, the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein may be a plasma membrane protein. For example, the plasma membrane protein may be a HLA-DR protein.

In another embodiment, the tissue or disease-specific membrane protein may be a mitochondrial membrane protein. For example, the mitochondrial membrane protein may be MTCO2 and/or COX6C proteins.

In yet another embodiment, the tissue or disease specific membrane protein may be an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein may be Erlin-2 and/or RPN1 proteins.

In an embodiment, the kit may be adapted to be used in the method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins.

In another embodiment, the kit may be adapted to be used in the method of diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids.

The present disclosure provides an apparatus for implementing the method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins and the method of diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids.

The present disclosure further provides a computer program product including non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, the computer-readable instructions being executable by a computerized device comprising processing hardware to execute the method of isolating extracellular vesicles and identifying membrane proteins and the method of diagnosing diseases using tissue or disease-specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles from body fluids, described herein above.

The invention is now described by means of non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

In the following, the examples of the present disclosure will be described. The examples concern methods of processing sample material, as well as apparatus that is operable to implement the methods of processing sample material; for example, the apparatus is implemented in a form of a sample processing kit.

Example 1: Presence of Extracellular Vesicles in Interstitial Space of a Tumor Tissue Revealed by Electron Microscopy

Materials and Method:

A method developed relates to a study that was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board at the University of Gothenburg (096-12) and all participants provided a written informed consent. The method includes obtaining melanoma metastatic tissues from patients (i.e. participants) during surgery. Thereafter, the method includes preserving the melanoma metastatic tissues in complete cell media (without fetal bovine serum) at a temperature of 4° C., until extracellular vesicle isolation is achieved. Thereafter, the method includes placing the samples of the tissue in 150 μm deep membrane carriers (Leica Microsystems) filled with 20% BSA in PBS followed by high pressure freezing using EMPactI machine (Leica Microsystems). Thereafter, the method includes applying a freeze substitution protocol, as follows: 2% uranyl acetate in dehydrated acetone for 1 h. The method includes increasing the temperature by 3° C. per hour up to −50° C. Thereafter, the method includes washing the samples two times with dehydrated acetone and then infiltrating with increasing concentrations of HM20 (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 acetone:HM20) followed with 3 changes with HM20. Thereafter, the method includes polymerizing the samples using UV light for 48 h. Thereafter, the method includes cutting thin sections (70 nm) by using a Leica UC6 ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystems). Thereafter, the method includes contrasting the sections using 2% uranyl acetate for 4 min and lead citrate for 2 min.

Results:

The method provides a result, wherein melanin (stained as black) is clearly visible inside melanoma cells; in a practical use of the method, two melanoma cells are well recognized by their cell membrane 100 as shown in FIG. 1. Moreover, in FIG. 1, in the interstitial space of tissues, small size of vesicular structures with various size and morphology are found. This result shows that the interstitial space is abundant with many extracellular vesicles.

Example 2: Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles by Three Different Protocols

Materials and Method:

A method 200 is provided for isolating extracellular vesicles from melanoma metastatic tissues using centrifugation-based protocols. In the method 200, three slightly different protocols are beneficially employed, and have been tested in practice. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the method 200 starts at step 202. At the step 202, human tissues are obtained from tumor or diseased tissues.

Protocol-1: Two tumor pieces are treatable by employing the protocol 1, to isolate extracellular vesicles. In the protocol-1, the tumor pieces are gently sliced into small fragments (1-2 mm) 204. At step 206, the plurality of pieces of the human tissue is incubated at 37° C. Thereafter, after a filtration step (70 μm pore size), cells and tissue debris are eliminated by centrifugation at 300×g for 10 min and 2000×g for 20 min, as step 210. Supernatant are centrifuged at 16,500×g for 20 min, as step 212, and 110,000×g for 2.5 h, as step 214, to collect larger vesicles and smaller vesicles, respectively; such centrifugation is achieved using, for example, a Ti45 rotor: fixed angle rotor. At step 216, all centrifugations are beneficially performed at a temperature of 4° C. Moreover, in the protocol 1, pellets are beneficially re-suspended in PBS.

Protocol-2: After extracellular vesicle isolation is achieved using the protocol 1, the protocol 2 includes incubating the pellet of larger and smaller vesicles after final ultracentrifugation with Collagenase D (Roche) (2 mg/ml) and DNase I (Roche) (40 U/ml) dissolved in RPMI plain medium (Sigma Aldrich) for 30 min at 37° C., as step 220. At step 222 and 224, after enzymatic treatments, the protocol 2 includes centrifuging larger vesicles at 16,500×g for 15 min and smaller vesicles at 117,000×g for 112 min (Ti70 rotor, fixed angle rotor) to remove enzymes and collect the pellets again. Beneficially, all centrifugations are performed at a temperature of 4° C. Moreover, beneficially, the pellets are re-suspended in PBS.

Protocol-3: As illustrated in FIG. 2, the method 200 may further include step 218. At the step 2218, the plurality of pieces of the human tissue is incubated at 37° C., or any other temperature, in presence of collagenase and DNase. Thereafter, at the step 208 the extracellular vesicles are isolated from the incubated chopped pieces of human tissue. This protocol-3 including gently slicing tumor pieces into small fragments (1-2 mm) and immediately thereafter incubating the small fragments with Collagenase D (2 mg/ml) and DNase I (40 U/ml) dissolved in RPMI plain medium (Sigma Aldrich) for 30 min at 37° C. After a filtration step (70 μm pore size), the protocol 3 includes eliminating cells and tissue debris by centrifugation at 300×g for 10 min and 2000×g for 20 min and then collecting larger and smaller vesicles after centrifugation at 16,500×g for 20 min and 110,000×g for 2.5 h respectively; for example, such centrifugation is achieved using a Ti45 rotor: fixed angle rotor. Moreover, all centrifugations are beneficially performed at a temperature of 4° C. Resulting pellets are then re-suspended in PBS.

For negative stain electron microscopy, the protocol 3 includes placing a drop (10 μl) of isolated extracellular vesicles (both larger and smaller vesicles) onto a glow discharged 200-mesh, namely formvar/carbon Cu copper grids for 15 min (Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA, USA) for 5 min. Thereafter, the protocol 3 includes washing vesicles three times in PBS and then fixing them using 2% paraformaldehyde. After three further washes in PBS, the protocol 3 includes fixing the samples in glutaraldehyde 2.5%, thereafter washing multiple times (up to five times) in filtered water and staining using 2% uranyl acetate for 5 min. The protocol 3 then includes obtaining pictures using an electron microscope, for example a digitized LEO 912AB Omega electron microscope (Carl Zeiss SMT) at 120 kV equipped with a Veleta CCD camera (Olympus-SiS).

Using the aforementioned protocol-1, protocol-2 and protocol-3, it is feasible to extract RNA from both larger and smaller vesicles isolated from melanoma metastatic tissues using miRCURY™ RNA Isolation Kit (Exiqon) according to an associated manufacturer's protocol. Thereafter, RNA profiles are analyzed using a capillary electrophoresis system (for example, an Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit for larger and smaller vesicles isolated using protocol 1 and Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit for larger and smaller vesicles isolated using protocols 2 and 3). In the protocols 1, 2 and 3, samples are beneficially analyzed using, for example, an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer machine (Agilent Technologies).

Results:

Regardless of which of the aforementioned protocols are employed, extracellular vesicles thereby obtained are susceptible to showing typical RNA profiles and morphology of extracellular vesicles; such profiles 300 are illustrated in FIG. 3. Larger vesicles that are pelleted at 16,500×g are susceptible, in practice, to having small RNAs as well as 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA peaks, as illustrated in FIG. 3A1 to 3A3, upper panels. This is comparable to a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, often called microvesicles, which are released by budding of plasma membrane of cells. By contrast, smaller vesicles that are pelleted at 110,000×g are susceptible, in practice, to having small RNAs, but no relatively prominent ribosomal RNA peaks. This is similar to exosomes, a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles that are released through endocytic pathway, as illustrated in FIG. 3B1 to 3B3, upper panels. In addition, electron microscopy pictures having been found to show that larger vesicles are 100-300 nm in diameter, wherein the typical size range of microvesicles, as illustrated in FIG. 3A1 to 3A3, lower panels, and smaller vesicles are 40 nm to 100 nm in diameter, namely akin to the typical size range of exosomes, as illustrated in FIG. 3B1 to 3B3, lower panels. In fact, a result employing the aforementioned protocols shows that enzymatic treatment does not affect molecular characteristics and morphology of extracellular vesicles.

Example 3: Membrane Isolation and Proteomics Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles

Materials and Method:

In a method pursuant to the present disclosure, extracellular vesicles from two melanoma metastatic tissues (MeT1 and MeT2) are isolated by employing the aforementioned protocol-2 described in Example 2 above. Additionally, pursuant to the method of Example 3, extracellular vesicles are isolated from three cell lines, MML1 (melanoma cell line), HMC1 (human mast cell line), and MSC (human mesenchymal stem cells). Conditioned media from cell cultures is then harvested and centrifuged at 300×g for 10 min to remove cells. The supernatant is then centrifuged at 2,000×g for 20 min to remove apoptotic bodies and cell debris. Larger and smaller vesicles are then pelleted at 16,500×g for 20 min and at 118,000×g (Type 45 Ti, Beckman Coulter) for 3.5 h. Thereafter, isolated extracellular vesicles are incubated with 100 mM sodium carbonate solution (pH 12) for 1 h at room temperature with rotation being employed. A potassium chloride solution (1 M) is added and further incubation for 1 h is then employed. Thereafter, samples hereby derived are subjected to an OptiPrep density gradient purification, thereafter ultracentrifuged at 178,000×g (SW 41 Ti, Beckman Coulter) for 2 h, and then membranes are collected from an interface between 30% and 10% iodixanol layers associated with such ultracentrifugation.

Thereafter, a proteome of the membrane of extracellular vesicles is identified by employing LC-MS/MS. Briefly, 30 μg of membranes are beneficially lysed with 2% SDS and sonicated. Tryptic digestion of proteins is then beneficially conducted by employing Filter Associated Aided Sample Preparation. Thereafter, digested peptides are analyzed with an OrbiTrap mass spectrometer. Peak lists of MS data are generated from the mass spectrometer and peptides/proteins are identified and quantified using a MaxQuant quantification tool with an Andromeda search engine (version 1.5.2.8). There is thereby obtained quantitative data, namely by way of employing label-free quantification (LFQ) with a minimum of two ratio counts was applied. Moreover, a normalized LFQ intensity is thereby obtainable. Moreover, protein localization information is obtainable by employing Uniprot (http://.uniprot.org/).

Results:

The method of Example 3 is capable of providing example results, as will next be described. For example, in total, 1239, 901, 1451, 1410, and 959 proteins are susceptible to being identified from extracellular vesicles of MeT1, MeT2, MML1, HMC1, and MSCs, respectively. Only membrane proteins that are annotated in the Uniprot database are beneficially selected and compared to determine unique surface protein profiles of different extracellular vesicles, as illustrated in exemplary graphs 602-612 of FIGS. 6A-F, respectively. Sixteen proteins from melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles (MeT1, MeT2, and MML1) and 92 proteins from melanoma metastatic tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (MeT1 and MeT2) are beneficially selected as cancer-specific surface proteins, as they were not detected in the other membrane isolates, as shown in van diagram 400 of FIG. 4. In addition, 32 proteins are beneficially selected among the 133 common proteins, because these proteins are 4-fold higher in abundance in the melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles compared to non-melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles, but are highly expressed in the three melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles, as shown in an exemplary graph 500 of FIG. 5. These results show that melanoma tissue-derived extracellular vesicles have a unique membrane protein profile, and that embodiments of the present disclosure enable such unique membrane protein profiles to be detected and identified.

Example 4: Detection of Cancer Specific Membrane Proteins from Isolated Extracellular Vesicles

Materials and Method:

There is provided a method for this Example 4. The method includes coating extracellular vesicles on 96-well plates for an overnight period at a temperature of 4° C. Thereafter, the method includes removing unbound extracellular vesicles, wherein the plates are blocked with 1% BSA in PBS for 1 h and incubated with anti-COX6c (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-SLC25A22 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-MT-CO2 (Abcam), anti-HLA-DR (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-Erlin-2 (Abcam), or anti-RPN1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) antibodies for 2 h. After washing, the appropriate secondary antibodies with HRP are added. Thereafter, the method includes initiating the reaction by adding a TMB substrate solution, terminated by 2M H₂SO₄; the method includes measuring the optical density at an interrogating radiation wavelength of 450 nm.

Results:

For the method of Example 4, results are obtainable, wherein membrane proteins are highly expressed in melanoma metastatic tissue-derived extracellular vesicles compared to cell line-derived extracellular vesicles, with high correlation of the LFQ intensity from mass spectrometry, as illustrated in exemplary graphs 602-612 of FIGS. 6A-F.

Example 5: Development of Sandwich ELISA System to Detect the Double Membrane Proteins on Extracellular Vesicles

Materials and Method:

Overall scheme of sandwich ELISA is described in FIG. 7. MT-CO2 antibody was coated on black 96-well plates for overnight at 4° C. The MT-CO2 antibody was purified on a protein G column prior to use to remove the carrier proteins. The isolated extracellular vesicles were added to the wells and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. After washing with PBS, anti-COX6c, anti-CD9, anti-HLA-DR, or anti-RPN1 antibody was incubated for 1 h and then HRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibody was incubated for 1 h. Luminescent signal was obtained with the BM Chemiluminescence ELISA Substrate (BD Biosciences).

Results:

High luminescent signals were observed only in melanoma tissue-derived extracellular vesicles compared with cell line-derived extracellular vesicles when COX6c antibody was used, as shown in an exemplary graph 802 of FIG. 8A. Furthermore, when CD9 antibody was used, high luminescent signals were observed, but there was no difference observed between samples, as shown in an exemplary graph 804 of FIG. 8B. Moreover, high luminescent signals were missing when HLA-DR or RPN1 antibody were used, as shown in exemplary graphs 806, 808 of FIGS. 8C-D. Therefore, based on the FIGS. 8A-D, a conclusion can be made that the extracellular vesicles include different surface molecular profiles, and the system of the present disclosure works efficiently to detect the cancer specific mitochondrial membrane proteins.

Example 6: Detection of Double Membrane Proteins on Extracellular Vesicles from Patient Samples

Materials and Method:

In the Example 6, there is provided method including steps as will next be described. The method includes collecting a total of 20 ml of peripheral blood from melanoma patients and healthy controls in EDTA tubes. The method next includes a step of obtaining plasma therefrom by centrifugation at 1880×g for 10 min, followed by a second centrifugation at 2500×g for 10 min. All centrifugations are beneficially performed at a temperature of 4° C.

For example, the method is implemented by collecting blood samples from ovarian cancer patients after anesthesia, but before performing surgery upon the cancer patients. Beneficially, the method includes collecting 6 ml of blood in EDTA vacutainers using standardized procedures, and then centrifuging and directly aliquoting resulting sample material into Eppendorf tubes, followed by steps of frozing and storing the sample material at a temperature of −80° C. within a period in a range of 30 minutes to 60 minutes after withdrawal. Moreover, the method includes collecting ovarian cystic fluids after one or more ovarian cysts are surgically removed and prepared as described above.

In the method, subsequent steps include purifying an MT-CO2 antibody that is purified by a protein G column prior to use to remove the carrier proteins, then coating onto black 96-well plates for an overnight period at a temperature of 4° C. Thereafter, the plasma or cystic fluid are added to the wells and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Beneficial, a total of 50 μl of blood plasma from patients and 30 μl of cystic fluid plasma is used when implementing the method. After washing with PBS, the method includes incubating a COX6c antibody was incubated for a period of 1 h and then incubating HRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibody for a period of 1 h. Thereafter, the method includes obtaining a luminescent signal by employing a BM Chemiluminescence ELISA Substrate (BD Biosciences).

Results:

When employing the method of Example 4, higher levels of combined MT-CO2 and COX6c are susceptible to being detected in plasma of melanoma patients compared with healthy controls as shown in exemplary graph 902 of FIG. 9A with good ROC curve (AUC=0.8684) characteristics as shown in exemplary graph 904 of FIG. 9B. In addition, MT-CO2 and COX6c are susceptible to being detected in the plasma of both patients with benign and malignant ovarian cysts, without significant differences beingobserved, but the expression level is higher compared with the healthy controls for both groups as shown in exemplary graph 1002 of FIG. 10A with good ROC curve (AUC=0.6976) characteristics as shown in exemplary graph 1004 of FIG. 10B. Importantly, when the MT-CO2/COX6c is quantified in ovarian cystic fluids directly, a significant difference is potentially observed between benign and ovarian cancer cysts as shown in exemplary graph 1102 of FIG. 11A with good ROC curve (AUC=0.9444) characteristics as shown in exemplary graph 1104 of FIG. 11A. These results suggest that cancer specific membrane proteins on extracellular vesicles are released in malignant disease and can be used as valid biomarkers.

Example 7: Detection of the Nucleic Acids Proteins on Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles have an aqueous, cargo-containing core surrounded by a roughly spherical bilayer membrane. Arrival of the vesicles at a distant site and fusion with targeted cells allows transport of cargo as diverse as nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, and microRNA), proteins, and lipids, facilitating important cell-cell communications.

Materials and Method:

MT-CO2 antibody was coated on black 96-well plates for overnight at 4° C. The MT-CO2 antibody was purified on a protein G column prior to use to remove the membrane proteins. The extraction of the nucleic acids is done through a spin column-based procedure using affinity membrane binding of all extracellular vesicles. The process of extracting nucleic acids from the isolated extracellular vesicles includes pre-filtering the sample to exclude cell-contamination, and loading on the membrane affinity column followed by a brief wash. The bound vesicles are lysed and eluted with QIAzol; the nucleic acid is extracted by addition of chloroform, precipitated by ethanol and further purified by using an RNeasy column. The extracted nucleic acid is washed with PBS, anti-COX6c, anti-CD9, anti-HLA-DR, or anti-RPN1 antibody and was incubated for 1 h and then HRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibody was incubated for 1 h.

Further, to characterize the nucleic acid eluate, 1 μl of the eluate was subjected to the Bioanalyzer RNA 6000 Pico assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. The aligned fluorescence trace data was exported from the instrument's software into a CSV file and plotted using Microsoft Excel.

Results:

High luminescent signals were observed only in melanoma tissue-derived extracellular vesicles compared with cell line-derived extracellular vesicles when COX6c antibody was used. Furthermore, when CD9 antibody was used, high luminescent signals were observed, but there was no difference observed between samples. Moreover, high luminescent signals were missing when HLA-DR or RPN1 antibody were used. Therefore, based on the high luminescent signals nature of nucleic acid present on the extracellular vesicles is identified.

Example 8: Detection of Tissue-Specific Membrane Protein by Using Alpha LISA Donor and Acceptor Beads

Materials and Method:

In the Example 8, there is provided method including steps as will next be described. The method includes collecting a total of 20 ml of peripheral blood from melanoma patients in EDTA tubes. The method next includes a step of obtaining plasma therefrom by centrifugation at 1880×g for 10 min, followed by a second centrifugation at 2500×g for 10 min. All centrifugations are beneficially performed at a temperature of 4° C.

For example, the method is implemented by collecting blood samples from ovarian cancer patients. Beneficially, the method includes collecting 6 ml of blood in EDTA vacutainers using standardized procedures, and then centrifuging and directly aliquoting resulting sample material into Eppendorf tubes, followed by steps of frozing and storing the sample material at a temperature of −80° C. within a period in a range of 30 minutes to 60 minutes after withdrawal.

In the method, subsequent steps include purifying an MT-CO2 antibody that is purified by a protein G column prior to use to remove the carrier proteins, then coating onto black 96-well plates for an overnight period at a temperature of 4° C. Thereafter, the plasma or cystic fluid are added to the wells and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Beneficial, a total of 50 μl of blood plasma from patients and 30 μl of cystic fluid plasma is used when implementing the method. After washing with PBS, the method includes incubating a COX6c antibody was incubated for a period of 1 h and then incubating HRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibody for a period of 1 h. Thereafter, the method includes obtaining a luminescent signal by employing a BM Chemiluminescence ELISA Substrate (BD Biosciences).

Results:

When employing the method of Example 8, higher luminescent signals were observed only in melanoma tissue-derived extracellular vesicles compared with cell line-derived extracellular vesicles when COX6c antibody was used. Furthermore, when CD9 antibody was used, high luminescent signals were observed, but there was no difference observed between samples. Moreover, high luminescent signals were missing when HLA-DR or RPN1 antibody were used. Therefore, based on the higher luminescent signals, a conclusion can be made that the extracellular vesicles include different surface molecular profiles, and the system of the present disclosure works efficiently to detect the cancer specific mitochondrial membrane proteins.

Modifications to embodiments described in the foregoing are possible without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims. Expressions such as “including”, “comprising”, “incorporating”, “consisting of”, “have”, “is” used to describe and claim the present invention are intended to be construed in a non-exclusive manner, namely allowing for items, components or elements not explicitly described also to be present. Reference to the singular is also to be construed to relate to the plural. Numerals included within parentheses in the accompanying claims are intended to assist understanding of the claims and should not be construed in any way to limit subject matter claimed by these claims.

APPENDIX TO THE SPECIFICATION

TABLE 1 Uniprot Gene ID Protein name name Primary Localization P05023 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase ATP1A1 Cell membrane subunit alpha-1 Q16891 MICOS complex subunit MIC60 IMMT Mitochondrion inner membrane Q07065 Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 CKAP4 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q13423 NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial NNT Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9NVI7 ATPase family AAA domain-containing ATAD3A Mitochondrion inner membrane protein 3A P04843 Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein RPN1 Endoplasmic reticulum glycosyltransferase subunit 1 membrane P25705 ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial ATP5A1 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9UJS0 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier SLC25A13 Mitochondrion inner membrane protein Aralar2 P27824 Calnexin CANX Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y4W6 AFG3-like protein 2 AFG3L2 Mitochondrion membrane O60313 Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, OPA1 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P16615 Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum ATP2A2 Endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 membrane Q5T9A4 ATPase family AAA domain-containing ATAD3B Mitochondrion inner membrane protein 3B Q6NUK1 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier SLC25A24 Mitochondrion inner membrane protein SCaMC-1 O95202 LETM1 and EF-hand domain-containing LETM1 Mitochondrion inner membrane protein 1, mitochondrial P11717 Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate IGF2R Lysosome membrane receptor P21796 Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel VDAC1 Mitochondrion outer membrane protein 1 O75746 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier SLC25A12 Mitochondrion inner membrane protein Aralar1 P50416 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver CPT1A Mitochondrion outer membrane isoform Q13724 Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase MOGS Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q99623 Prohibitin-2 PHB2 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q07954 Prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related LRP1 Cell membrane protein 1 Q9UGP8 Translocation protein SEC63 homolog SEC63 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P02730 Band 3 anion transport protein SLC4A1 Cell membrane Q00610 Clathrin heavy chain 1 CLTC Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane P54886 Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase ALDH18A1 Mitochondrion inner membrane P20020 Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATP2B1 Cell membrane ATPase 1 Q9BWM7 Sideroflexin-3 SFXN3 Mitochondrion membrane Q9HDC9 Adipocyte plasma membrane-associated APMAP Membrane protein P00387 NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 CYB5R3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q00325 Phosphate carrier protein, mitochondrial SLC25A3 Mitochondrion inner membrane P35232 Prohibitin PHB Mitochondrion inner membrane Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi P49257 Protein ERGIC-53 LMAN1 intermediate compartment membrane Q02978 Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate SLC25A11 Mitochondrion inner membrane carrier protein Q9H9B4 Sideroflexin-1 SFXN1 Mitochondrion membrane P46977 Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein STT3A Endoplasmic reticulum glycosyltransferase subunit STT3A membrane Q8N766 ER membrane protein complex subunit 1 EMC1 Membrane O94905 Erlin-2 ERLIN2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q14254 Flotillin-2 FLOT2 Cell membrane P05556 Integrin beta-1 ITGB1 Cell membrane Q9NTJ5 Phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 SACM1L Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q93084 Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum ATP2A3 Nucleus membrane calcium ATPase 3 P49748 Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA ACADVL Mitochondrion inner membrane dehydrogenase, mitochondrial P05141 ADP/ATP translocase 2 SLC25A5 Mitochondrion inner membrane P12236 ADP/ATP translocase 3 SLC25A6 Mitochondrion inner membrane P04844 Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein RPN2 Endoplasmic reticulum glycosyltransferase subunit 2 membrane O75477 Erlin-1 ERLIN1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O75955 Flotillin-1 FLOT1 Cell membrane Q92896 Golgi apparatus protein 1 GLG1 Golgi apparatus membrane P19367 Hexokinase-1 HK1 Mitochondrion outer membrane P30443 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A Membrane A-1 alpha chain P18463 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-37 alpha chain Q969V3 Nicalin NCLN Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P23634 Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATP2B4 Cell membrane ATPase 4 P08575 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein PTPRC Membrane phosphatase C Q15005 Signal peptidase complex subunit 2 SPCS2 Microsome membrane Q96PQ0 VPS10 domain-containing receptor SorCS2 SORCS2 Membrane P08195 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain SLC3A2 Apical cell membrane P32189 Glycerol kinase GK Mitochondrion outer membrane P06756 Integrin alpha-V ITGAV Membrane Q14165 Malectin MLEC Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9HD20 Manganese-transporting ATPase 13A1 ATP13A1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q15155 Nodal modulator 1 NOMO1 Membrane Q93050 V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a ATP6V0A1 Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane isoform 1 Q53H12 Acylglycerol kinase, mitochondrial AGK Mitochondrion membrane P12235 ADP/ATP translocase 1 SLC25A4 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q12797 Aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase ASPH Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O75027 ATP-binding cassette sub-family B ABCB7 Mitochondrion inner membrane member 7, mitochondrial P51572 B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 BCAP31 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O75844 CAAX prenyl protease 1 homolog ZMPSTE24 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q02127 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), DHODH Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P27105 Erythrocyte band 7 integral membrane STOM Cell membrane protein P04439 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A Membrane A-3 alpha chain P16189 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A Membrane A-31 alpha chain P16190 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A Membrane A-33 alpha chain Q04826 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-40 alpha chain P30481 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-44 alpha chain P30490 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-52 alpha chain P30508 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-C Membrane Cw-12 alpha chain Q16853 Membrane primary amine oxidase AOC3 Cell membrane Q9NX63 MICOS complex subunit MIC19 CHCHD3 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9NZM1 Myoferlin MYOF Cell membrane Q9UH99 SUN domain-containing protein 2 SUN2 Nucleus inner membrane P45880 Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel VDAC2 Mitochondrion outer membrane protein 2 Q96A33 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 47 CCDC47 Membrane P13073 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, COX4I1 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P07099 Epoxide hydrolase 1 EPHX1 Microsome membrane P10321 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-C Membrane Cw-7 alpha chain Q14108 Lysosome membrane protein 2 SCARB2 Lysosome membrane O00264 Membrane-associated progesterone PGRMC1 Microsome membrane receptor component 1 Q9UBV2 Protein sel-1 homolog 1 SEL1L Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9UJZ1 Stomatin-like protein 2, mitochondrial STOML2 Mitochondrion inner membrane P02786 Transferrin receptor protein 1 TFRC Cell membrane O43493 Trans-Golgi network integral membrane TGOLN2 Cell membrane protein 2 Q12907 Vesicular integral-membrane protein LMAN2 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi VIP36 intermediate compartment membrane P09543 2,3-cyclic-nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase CNP Membrane Q96ER9 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 51 CCDC51 Membrane P08574 Cytochrome c1, heme protein, CYC1 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P39656 Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein DDOST Endoplasmic reticulum glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit membrane Q8TCJ2 Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein STT3B Endoplasmic reticulum glycosyltransferase subunit STT3B membrane Q53GQ0 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 12 HSD17B12 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P29992 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein GNA11 Cell membrane subunit alpha-11 P10319 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-58 alpha chain P30498 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-78 alpha chain P13761 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DRB1 Cell membrane DRB1-7 beta chain P05107 Integrin beta-2 ITGB2 Membrane P05106 Integrin beta-3 ITGB3 Cell membrane Q6UXV4 MICOS complex subunit MIC27 APOOL Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9Y276 Mitochondrial chaperone BCS1 BCS1L Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9H936 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1 SLC25A22 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q6PIU2 Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 NCEH1 Membrane P61619 Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit SEC61A1 Endoplasmic reticulum alpha isoform 1 membrane O94901 SUN domain-containing protein 1 SUN1 Nucleus inner membrane Q9HD45 Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 3 TM9SF3 Membrane Q9NZ01 Very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase TECR Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y277 Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel VDAC3 Mitochondrion outer membrane protein 3 O95870 Abhydrolase domain-containing protein ABHD16A Membrane 16A Q8TB61 Adenosine 3-phospho 5-phosphosulfate SLC35B2 Golgi apparatus membrane transporter 1 Q969X5 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate ERGIC1 Endoplasmic reticulum compartment protein 1 membrane O94766 Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta- B3GAT3 Golgi apparatus membrane glucuronosyltransferase 3 Q9H3K2 Growth hormone-inducible transmembrane GHITM Mitochondrion inner membrane protein P30462 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-14 alpha chain P30466 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-18 alpha chain Q31612 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B Membrane B-73 alpha chain P30501 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-C Membrane Cw-2 alpha chain Q30154 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DRB5 Cell membrane DR beta 5 chain P50281 Matrix metalloproteinase-14 MMP14 Membrane P50336 Protoporphyrinogen oxidase PPOX Mitochondrion inner membrane Q15907 Ras-related protein Rab-11B RAB11B Recycling endosome membrane Q92544 Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 4 TM9SF4 Membrane P53007 Tricarboxylate transport protein, SLC25A1 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P21589 5-nucleotidase NT5E Cell membrane Q9NRK6 ATP-binding cassette sub-family B ABCB10 Mitochondrion inner membrane member 10, mitochondrial P80723 Brain acid soluble protein 1 BASP1 Cell membrane O96005 Cleft lip and palate transmembrane CLPTM1 Membrane protein 1 P22695 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, UQCRC2 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P09669 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C COX6C Mitochondrion inner membrane Q7Z2K6 Endoplasmic reticulum metallopeptidase 1 ERMP1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P42892 Endothelin-converting enzyme 1 ECE1 Cell membrane P29317 Ephrin type-A receptor 2 EPHA2 Cell membrane P16452 Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 EPB42 Cell membrane P63092 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) GNAS Cell membrane subunit alpha isoforms short P01911 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DRB1 Cell membrane DRB1-15 beta chain Q08431 Lactadherin MFGE8 Membrane Q9UIQ6 Leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase LNPEP Cell membrane Q9H0U3 Magnesium transporter protein 1 MAGT1 Cell membrane Q14728 Major facilitator superfamily domain- MFSD10 Membrane containing protein 10 Q8TCT9 Minor histocompatibility antigen H13 HM13 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O43772 Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine SLC25A20 Mitochondrion inner membrane carrier protein Q9Y6C9 Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 MTCH2 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q92542 Nicastrin NCSTN Membrane P16671 Platelet glycoprotein 4 CD36 Cell membrane P61006 Ras-related protein Rab-8A RAB8A Cell membrane Q9Y512 Sorting and assembly machinery SAMM50 Mitochondrion outer membrane component 50 homolog Q9H3N1 Thioredoxin-related transmembrane TMX1 Membrane protein 1 Q99805 Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 2 TM9SF2 Endosome membrane Q13445 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing TMED1 Cell membrane protein 1 Q7Z7H5 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing TMED4 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 4 membrane Q9Y3B3 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing TMED7 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 7 membrane Q9BVK6 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing TMED9 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 9 membrane P57088 Transmembrane protein 33 TMEM33 Membrane Q9Y487 V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a ATP6V0A2 Cell membrane isoform 2 Q13488 V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a TCIRG1 Membrane isoform 3 Q15904 V-type proton ATPase subunit S1 ATP6AP1 Vacuole membrane P49641 Alpha-mannosidase 2x MAN2A2 Golgi apparatus membrane Q9NW15 Anoctamin-10 ANO10 Cell membrane P35613 Basigin BSG Cell membrane Q9UHQ4 B-cell receptor-associated protein 29 BCAP29 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q6KCM7 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier SLC25A25 Mitochondrion inner membrane protein SCaMC-2 Q9NPL8 Complex I assembly factor TIMMDC1, TIMMDC1 Mitochondrion membrane mitochondrial O43169 Cytochrome b5 type B CYB5B Mitochondrion outer membrane P31930 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, UQCRC1 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial Q7KZN9 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 Mitochondrion membrane COX15 homolog P20674 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, COX5A Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P10606 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, COX5B Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial Q9Y673 Dolichyl-phosphate beta- ALG5 Endoplasmic reticulum glucosyltransferase membrane Q75T13 GPI inositol-deacylase PGAP1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q92643 GPI-anchor transamidase PIGK Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P04233 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen CD74 Cell membrane gamma chain P56199 Integrin alpha-1 ITGA1 Membrane P26006 Integrin alpha-3 ITGA3 Cell membrane P11117 Lysosomal acid phosphatase ACP2 Lysosome membrane P11279 Lysosome-associated membrane LAMP1 Cell membrane glycoprotein 1 O15173 Membrane-associated progesterone PGRMC2 Membrane receptor component 2 Q13505 Metaxin-1 MTX1 Membrane Q9NZJ7 Mitochondrial carrier homolog 1 MTCH1 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9Y3D7 Mitochondrial import inner membrane PAM16 Mitochondrion inner membrane translocase subunit TIM16 O96008 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM40 Mitochondrion outer membrane TOM40 homolog Q15070 Mitochondrial inner membrane protein OXA1L Mitochondrion inner membrane OXA1L O96011 Peroxisomal membrane protein 11B PEX11B Peroxisome membrane Q9HBL7 Plasminogen receptor (KT) PLGRKT Cell membrane P16284 Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule PECAM1 Cell membrane Q16647 Prostacyclin synthase PTGIS Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O15258 Protein RER1 RER1 Golgi apparatus membrane P61026 Ras-related protein Rab-10 RAB10 Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane P51148 Ras-related protein Rab-5C RAB5C Cell membrane P10301 Ras-related protein R-Ras RRAS Cell membrane Q8TC12 Retinol dehydrogenase 11 RDH11 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P67812 Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11A Microsome membrane SEC11A Q9Y5M8 Signal recognition particle receptor subunit SRPRB Endoplasmic reticulum beta membrane P54709 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase ATP1B3 Cell membrane subunit beta-3 P11166 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose SLC2A1 Cell membrane transporter member 1 P31040 Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] SDHA Mitochondrion inner membrane flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial O00161 Synaptosomal-associated protein 23 SNAP23 Cell membrane Q99442 Translocation protein SEC62 SEC62 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P51571 Translocon-associated protein subunit SSR4 Endoplasmic reticulum delta membrane Q6ZXV5 Transmembrane and TPR repeat- TMTC3 Membrane containing protein 3 Q15363 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing TMED2 Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane protein 2 Q9BVC6 Transmembrane protein 109 TMEM109 Nucleus outer membrane Q6UW68 Transmembrane protein 205 TMEM205 Membrane O75396 Vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22b SEC22B Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q8TDW0 Volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8C Cell membrane LRRC8C Q6PML9 Zinc transporter 9 SLC30A9 Membrane Q9NUQ2 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate AGPAT5 Endoplasmic reticulum acyltransferase epsilon membrane Q06136 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase KDSR Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O00400 Acetyl-coenzyme A transporter 1 SLC33A1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P26572 Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta- MGAT1 Golgi apparatus membrane N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase Q10469 Alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta- MGAT2 Golgi apparatus membrane N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase Q8NE86 Calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial MCU Mitochondrion inner membrane P16070 CD44 antigen CD44 Cell membrane P21926 CD9 antigen CD9 Membrane Q9NZ45 CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing CISD1 Mitochondrion outer membrane protein 1 Q8N5K1 CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing CISD2 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 2 membrane Q9NV96 Cell cycle control protein 50A TMEM30A Membrane P43121 Cell surface glycoprotein MUC18 MCAM Membrane Q96G23 Ceramide synthase 2 CERS2 Nucleus membrane Q96S66 Chloride channel CLIC-like protein 1 CLCC1 Membrane Q96KA5 Cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein CLPTM1L Membrane 1-like protein O94886 CSC1-like protein 1 TMEM63A Lysosome membrane P13498 Cytochrome b-245 light chain CYBA Cell membrane Q6IAN0 Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family DHRS7B Endoplasmic reticulum member 7B membrane O94923 D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase GLCE Golgi apparatus membrane P61803 Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein DAD1 Endoplasmic reticulum glycosyltransferase subunit DAD1 membrane P49961 Ectonucleoside triphosphate ENTPD1 Membrane diphosphohydrolase 1 Q9P0I2 ER membrane protein complex subunit 3 EMC3 Membrane Q9NPA0 ER membrane protein complex subunit 7 EMC7 Membrane A0FGR8 Extended synaptotagmin-2 ESYT2 Cell membrane P36269 Gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 GGT5 Membrane P50440 Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial GATM Mitochondrion inner membrane Q96S52 GPI transamidase component PIG-S PIGS Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q969N2 GPI transamidase component PIG-T PIGT Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P63244 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein GNB2L1 Cell membrane subunit beta-2-like 1 P30273 High affinity immunoglobulin epsilon FCER1G Cell membrane receptor subunit gamma P13747 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-E Membrane alpha chain E P01903 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DRA Cell membrane DR alpha chain Q70UQ0 Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase- IKBIP Endoplasmic reticulum interacting protein membrane P17301 Integrin alpha-2 ITGA2 Membrane P23229 Integrin alpha-6 ITGA6 Cell membrane P05362 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ICAM1 Membrane Q6UWP7 Lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 LCLAT1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9BQT8 Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier SLC25A21 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9UBX3 Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier SLC25A10 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q96DA6 Mitochondrial import inner membrane DNAJC19 Mitochondrion inner membrane translocase subunit TIM14 Q969M1 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM40L Mitochondrion outer membrane TOM40B Q9Y619 Mitochondrial ornithine transporter 1 SLC25A15 Mitochondrion inner membrane P26038 Moesin MSN Cell membrane Q8N2K0 Monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD12 ABHD12 Membrane Q9P0J0 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 NDUFA13 Mitochondrion inner membrane alpha subcomplex subunit 13 Q9UHQ9 NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1 CYB5R1 Membrane O15118 Niemann-Pick C1 protein NPC1 Late endosome membrane Q9UQ90 Paraplegin SPG7 Mitochondrion membrane O60568 Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5- PLOD3 Rough endoplasmic reticulum dioxygenase 3 membrane Q9HCJ1 Progressive ankylosis protein homolog ANKH Membrane P23219 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 Microsome membrane Q96JJ7 Protein disulfide-isomerase TMX3 TMX3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q96A26 Protein FAM162A FAM162A Membrane Q96ND0 Protein FAM210A FAM210A Membrane Q9H0X4 Protein ITFG3 ITFG3 Membrane Q96AA3 Protein RFT1 homolog RFT1 Membrane P63000 Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 RAC1 Cell membrane P61020 Ras-related protein Rab-5B RAB5B Cell membrane P11233 Ras-related protein Ral-A RALA Cell surface P62834 Ras-related protein Rap-1A RAP1A Cell membrane P61224 Ras-related protein Rap-1b RAP1B Cell membrane P61225 Ras-related protein Rap-2b RAP2B Recycling endosome membrane O75787 Renin receptor ATP6AP2 Membrane Q9NY15 Stabilin-1 STAB1 Membrane Q9BX79 Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 protein STRA6 Cell membrane homolog Q86WV6 Stimulator of interferon genes protein TMEM173 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q15526 Surfeit locus protein 1 SURF1 Mitochondrion inner membrane O15400 Syntaxin-7 STX7 Early endosome membrane O15533 Tapasin TAPBP Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y320 Thioredoxin-related transmembrane TMX2 Membrane protein 2 P24557 Thromboxane-A synthase TBXAS1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q5JTV8 Torsin-1A-interacting protein 1 TOR1AIP1 Nucleus inner membrane Q15629 Translocating chain-associated membrane TRAM1 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 membrane Q9H061 Transmembrane protein 126A TMEM126A Mitochondrion inner membrane Q6PI78 Transmembrane protein 65 TMEM65 Membrane Q9BQA9 Uncharacterized protein C17orf62 C17orf62 Membrane Q96GQ5 UPF0420 protein C16orf58 C16orf58 Membrane Q9P035 Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA PTPLAD1 Endoplasmic reticulum dehydratase 3 membrane A1L0T0 Acetolactate synthase-like protein ILVBL Membrane P28907 ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose CD38 Membrane hydrolase 1 P21397 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA Mitochondrion outer membrane P27338 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB Mitochondrion outer membrane O95782 AP-2 complex subunit alpha-1 AP2A1 Cell membrane O94973 AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 AP2A2 Cell membrane Q13557 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein CAMK2D Cell membrane kinase type II subunit delta P20645 Cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate M6PR Lysosome membrane receptor Q5ZPR3 CD276 antigen CD276 Membrane P08962 CD63 antigen CD63 Cell membrane P48960 CD97 antigen CD97 Cell membrane O14735 CDP-diacylglycerol--inositol 3- CDIPT Endoplasmic reticulum phosphatidyltransferase membrane Q9BT22 Chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta- ALG1 Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyltransferase membrane Q5T3F8 CSC1-like protein 2 TMEM63B Membrane Q9GZY4 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 COA1 Mitochondrion inner membrane homolog Q5RI15 Cytochrome c oxidase protein 20 homolog COX20 Mitochondrion membrane P00403 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 MT-CO2 Mitochondrion inner membrane O14672 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain- ADAM10 Cell membrane containing protein 10 Q9H3Z4 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5 DNAJC5 Membrane Q9NX47 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCH5 MARCH5 Mitochondrion outer membrane Q96K19 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF170 RNF170 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q86TM6 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase synoviolin SYVN1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9UKM7 Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl- MAN1B1 Endoplasmic reticulum oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase membrane Q96RQ1 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate ERGIC2 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi compartment protein 2 intermediate compartment membrane Q9Y282 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate ERGIC3 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi compartment protein 3 intermediate compartment membrane Q5J8M3 ER membrane protein complex subunit 4 EMC4 Membrane O75063 Glycosaminoglycan xylosylkinase FAM20B Golgi apparatus membrane Q5H8A4 GPI ethanolamine phosphate transferase 2 PIGG Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P59768 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein GNG2 Cell membrane G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 P12314 High affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc FCGR1A Cell membrane receptor I P04440 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DPB1 Cell membrane DP beta 1 chain P01920 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DQB1 Cell membrane DQ beta 1 chain Q14573 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor ITPR3 Endoplasmic reticulum type 3 membrane P08069 Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IGF1R Cell membrane P20702 Integrin alpha-X ITGAX Membrane P32942 Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 ICAM3 Membrane Q8NC56 LEM domain-containing protein 2 LEMD2 Nucleus inner membrane Q96AG4 Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 59 LRRC59 Microsome membrane Q08722 Leukocyte surface antigen CD47 CD47 Cell membrane Q6PCB7 Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 SLC27A1 Cell membrane P33121 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1 ACSL1 Mitochondrion outer membrane O14880 Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 MGST3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9H2D1 Mitochondrial folate transporter/carrier SLC25A32 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9BVV7 Mitochondrial import inner membrane TIMM21 Mitochondrion membrane translocase subunit Tim21 O14925 Mitochondrial import inner membrane TIMM23 Mitochondrion inner membrane translocase subunit Tim23 O95563 Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 MPC2 Mitochondrion inner membrane P53985 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 SLC16A1 Cell membrane P08571 Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 CD14 Cell membrane O96000 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta NDUFB10 Mitochondrion inner membrane subcomplex subunit 10 O43674 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta NDUFB5 Mitochondrion inner membrane subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial O95169 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta NDUFB8 Mitochondrion inner membrane subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial Q9Y6M9 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta NDUFB9 Mitochondrion inner membrane subcomplex subunit 9 O95298 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 NDUFC2 Mitochondrion inner membrane subunit C2 O75306 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] NDUFS2 Mitochondrion inner membrane iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial O75489 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] NDUFS3 Mitochondrion inner membrane iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial Q8IY17 Neuropathy target esterase PNPLA6 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y639 Neuroplastin NPTN Cell membrane Q8IXM6 Nurim NRM Nucleus inner membrane Q86WC4 Osteopetrosis-associated transmembrane OSTM1 Lysosome membrane protein 1 Q9NYL4 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP11 FKBP11 Membrane O75915 PRA1 family protein 3 ARL6IP5 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q6P4E1 Protein CASC4 CASC4 Membrane Q8N5M9 Protein jagunal homolog 1 JAGN1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P60468 Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit SEC61B Endoplasmic reticulum beta membrane P51153 Ras-related protein Rab-13 RAB13 Cell membrane Q15286 Ras-related protein Rab-35 RAB35 Cell membrane P20339 Ras-related protein Rab-5A RAB5A Cell membrane Q92930 Ras-related protein Rab-8B RAB8B Cell membrane Q00765 Receptor expression-enhancing protein 5 REEP5 Membrane Q16799 Reticulon-1 RTN1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9NQC3 Reticulon-4 RTN4 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9NRX5 Serine incorporator 1 SERINC1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O15269 Serine palmitoyltransferase 1 SPTLC1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q96HS1 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PGAM5 Mitochondrion outer membrane PGAM5, mitochondrial Q6P4A7 Sideroflexin-4 SFXN4 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9BY50 Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11C Microsome membrane SEC11C Q9Y6A9 Signal peptidase complex subunit 1 SPCS1 Microsome membrane P61009 Signal peptidase complex subunit 3 SPCS3 Microsome membrane P08240 Signal recognition particle receptor subunit SRPR Endoplasmic reticulum alpha membrane P05026 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase ATP1B1 Cell membrane subunit beta-1 Q9BSK2 Solute carrier family 25 member 33 SLC25A33 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q8TBP6 Solute carrier family 25 member 40 SLC25A40 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q96H78 Solute carrier family 25 member 44 SLC25A44 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q12846 Syntaxin-4 STX4 Cell membrane Q9H1E5 Thioredoxin-related transmembrane TMX4 Membrane protein 4 P43307 Translocon-associated protein subunit SSR1 Endoplasmic reticulum alpha membrane O15321 Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 TM9SF1 Lysosome membrane Q9Y3A6 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing TMED5 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 5 membrane P17152 Transmembrane protein 11, mitochondrial TMEM11 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9NX00 Transmembrane protein 160 TMEM160 Membrane Q9UHN6 Transmembrane protein 2 TMEM2 Membrane Q9H330 Transmembrane protein 245 TMEM245 Membrane Q9H3H5 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichyl- DPAGT1 Endoplasmic reticulum phosphate N- membrane acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase Q96IX5 Up-regulated during skeletal muscle USMG5 Mitochondrion membrane growth protein 5 Q15836 Vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 VAMP3 Membrane Q9P0L0 Vesicle-associated membrane protein- VAPA Endoplasmic reticulum associated protein A membrane Q99943 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate AGPAT1 Endoplasmic reticulum acyltransferase alpha membrane Q15125 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)- EBP Endoplasmic reticulum isomerase membrane Q9UBM7 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase DHCR7 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q15041 ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6- ARL6IP1 Endomembrane system interacting protein 1 Q9NVJ2 ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8B ARL8B Late endosome membrane Q9H6U8 Alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase ALG9 ALG9 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P15144 Aminopeptidase N ANPEP Cell membrane Q4KMQ2 Anoctamin-6 ANO6 Cell membrane Q03518 Antigen peptide transporter 1 TAP1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9BUR5 Apolipoprotein O APOO Membrane P20292 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating ALOX5AP Nucleus membrane protein Q6DD88 Atlastin-3 ATL3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P00846 ATP synthase subunit a MT-ATP6 Mitochondrion inner membrane O94911 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A ABCA8 Cell membrane member 8 P28288 ATP-binding cassette sub-family D ABCD3 Peroxisome membrane member 3 Q16611 Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer BAK1 Mitochondrion membrane Q9Y6X5 Bis(5-adenosyl)-triphosphatase ENPP4 ENPP4 Cell membrane P11836 B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 MS4A1 Cell membrane P55290 Cadherin-13 CDH13 Cell membrane Q8NCH0 Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 CHST14 Golgi apparatus membrane Q9ULX7 Carbonic anhydrase 14 CA14 Membrane P26678 Cardiac phospholamban PLN Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane P23786 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, CPT2 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial Q03135 Caveolin-1 CAV1 Golgi apparatus membrane Q9HA82 Ceramide synthase 4 CERS4 Nucleus membrane Q8N5B7 Ceramide synthase 5 CERS5 Nucleus membrane Q9Y6K0 Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 CEPT1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q6UVK1 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 CSPG4 Apical cell membrane Q96HD1 Cysteine-rich with EGF-like domain CRELD1 Membrane protein 1 Q53TN4 Cytochrome b reductase 1 CYBRD1 Membrane P04839 Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain CYBB Cell membrane O14949 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 UQCRQ Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9UDW1 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 UQCR10 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9Y2R0 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 3 COA3 Mitochondrion inner membrane homolog, mitochondrial O00483 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 NDUFA4 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q6UW02 Cytochrome P450 20A1 CYP20A1 Membrane Q6UVY6 DBH-like monooxygenase protein 1 MOXD1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P78536 Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain- ADAM17 Membrane containing protein 17 Q9NXW2 DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 12 DNAJB12 Membrane Q9Y5T4 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 15 DNAJC15 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9Y672 Dolichyl pyrophosphate Man9GlcNAc2 ALG6 Endoplasmic reticulum alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase membrane Q9BV10 Dol-P-Man: Man(7)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol alpha- ALG12 Endoplasmic reticulum 1,6-mannosyltransferase membrane P17813 Endoglin ENG Membrane Q99808 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 SLC29A1 Basolateral cell membrane Q5UCC4 ER membrane protein complex subunit 10 EMC10 Membrane O43909 Exostosin-like 3 EXTL3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P15311 Ezrin EZR Apical cell membrane P51648 Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y4F1 FERM, RhoGEF and pleckstrin domain- FARP1 Cell membrane containing protein 1 Q9NXS2 Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase- QPCTL Golgi apparatus membrane like protein P02724 Glycophorin-A GYPA Cell membrane O43292 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor GPAA1 Endoplasmic reticulum attachment 1 protein membrane Q7Z5G4 Golgin subfamily A member 7 GOLGA7 Golgi apparatus membrane Q9UBI6 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein GNG12 Cell membrane G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 P51798 H(+)/Cl(−) exchange transporter 7 CLCN7 Lysosome membrane P20036 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DPA1 Cell membrane DP alpha 1 chain P55899 IgG receptor FcRn large subunit p51 FCGRT Cell membrane Q14571 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor ITPR2 Endoplasmic reticulum type 2 membrane P08648 Integrin alpha-5 ITGA5 Membrane P08514 Integrin alpha-IIb ITGA2B Membrane P18084 Integrin beta-5 ITGB5 Membrane P13164 Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 IFITM1 Cell membrane Q9NPH3 Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein IL1RAP Cell membrane Q9Y624 Junctional adhesion molecule A F11R Cell junction Q9BX67 Junctional adhesion molecule C JAM3 Cell membrane Q5SVS4 Kidney mitochondrial carrier protein 1 SLC25A30 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q14739 Lamin-B receptor LBR Nucleus inner membrane Q6P1Q0 LETM1 domain-containing protein 1 LETMD1 Mitochondrion outer membrane Q9BU23 Lipase maturation factor 2 LMF2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q6P1M0 Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 SLC27A4 Membrane P12318 Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc FCGR2A Cell membrane region receptor II-a P19256 Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 CD58 Cell membrane Q6P1A2 Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 LPCAT3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P21757 Macrophage scavenger receptor types I MSR1 Membrane and II O75352 Mannose-P-dolichol utilization defect 1 MPDU1 Membrane protein Q4ZIN3 Membralin TMEM259 Membrane Q5TGZ0 MICOS complex subunit MIC10 MINOS1 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q8N8R3 Mitochondrial basic amino acids SLC25A29 Mitochondrion inner membrane transporter Q9GZY8 Mitochondrial fission factor MFF Mitochondrion outer membrane Q9UDX5 Mitochondrial fission process protein 1 MTFP1 Mitochondrion inner membrane O43615 Mitochondrial import inner membrane TIMM44 Mitochondrion inner membrane translocase subunit TIM44 Q3ZCQ8 Mitochondrial import inner membrane TIMM50 Mitochondrion inner membrane translocase subunit TIM50 Q9NS69 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM22 Mitochondrion outer membrane TOM22 homolog Q8N4H5 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM5 Mitochondrion outer membrane TOM5 homolog Q96B49 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM6 Mitochondrion outer membrane TOM6 homolog Q9Y5U8 Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 MPC1 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q86Y39 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 NDUFA11 Mitochondrion inner membrane alpha subcomplex subunit 11 O75438 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 NDUFB1 Mitochondrion inner membrane beta subcomplex subunit 1 O43676 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 NDUFB3 Mitochondrion inner membrane beta subcomplex subunit 3 O95168 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 NDUFB4 Mitochondrion inner membrane beta subcomplex subunit 4 P49821 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] NDUFV1 Mitochondrion inner membrane flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial P28331 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa NDUFS1 Mitochondrion inner membrane subunit, mitochondrial O95674 Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 2 CDS2 Mitochondrion inner membrane P48426 Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase PIP4K2A Cell membrane type-2 alpha Q9H490 Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor PIGU Endoplasmic reticulum biosynthesis class U protein membrane Q2PZI1 Probable C-mannosyltransferase DPY19L1 DPY19L1 Membrane Q6ZPD9 Probable C-mannosyltransferase DPY19L3 DPY19L3 Membrane Q8TED1 Probable glutathione peroxidase 8 GPX8 Membrane Q96KR6 Protein FAM210B FAM210B Membrane Q86UE4 Protein LYRIC MTDH Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P60059 Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit SEC61G Endoplasmic reticulum gamma membrane Q5T9L3 Protein wntless homolog WLS Golgi apparatus membrane Q9GZM5 Protein YIPF3 YIPF3 Cell membrane P35241 Radixin RDX Cell membrane Q9NP72 Ras-related protein Rab-18 RAB18 Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi P61019 Ras-related protein Rab-2A RAB2A intermediate compartment membrane Q9NRW1 Ras-related protein Rab-6B RAB6B Golgi apparatus membrane P11234 Ras-related protein Ral-B RALB Cell membrane P62070 Ras-related protein R-Ras2 RRAS2 Cell membrane O75298 Reticulon-2 RTN2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O95197 Reticulon-3 RTN3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P84095 Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoG RHOG Cell membrane Q99720 Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 SIGMAR1 Nucleus inner membrane Q08357 Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 SLC20A2 Cell membrane Q9UP95 Solute carrier family 12 member 4 SLC12A4 Membrane P11169 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose SLC2A3 Membrane transporter member 3 O15260 Surfeit locus protein 4 SURF4 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O43760 Synaptogyrin-2 SYNGR2 Membrane Q16563 Synaptophysin-like protein 1 SYPL1 Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane P04216 Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein THY1 Cell membrane P61586 Transforming protein RhoA RHOA Cell membrane P30536 Translocator protein TSPO Mitochondrion membrane Q9UM00 Transmembrane and coiled-coil domain- TMCO1 Endoplasmic reticulum containing protein 1 membrane Q6NXT6 Transmembrane anterior posterior TAPT1 Membrane transformation protein 1 homolog Q14956 Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB GPNMB Cell membrane Q9BXJ8 Transmembrane protein 120A TMEM120A Membrane Q53S58 Transmembrane protein 177 TMEM177 Membrane Q5SNT2 Transmembrane protein 201 TMEM201 Nucleus inner membrane Q9BUB7 Transmembrane protein 70, mitochondrial TMEM70 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q8NBN3 Transmembrane protein 87A TMEM87A Membrane Q9Y275 Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily TNFSF13B Cell membrane member 13B Q13454 Tumor suppressor candidate 3 TUSC3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9NVA1 Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase UQCC1 Mitochondrion inner membrane complex assembly factor 1 Q99807 Ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ7 COQ7 Mitochondrion inner membrane homolog Q9Y385 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 UBE2J1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q96F25 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase ALG14 Endoplasmic reticulum subunit ALG14 homolog membrane B0I1T2 Unconventional myosin-Ig MYO1G Cell membrane Q6Y1H2 Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA PTPLB Endoplasmic reticulum dehydratase 2 membrane Q9UEU0 Vesicle transport through interaction with VTI1B Late endosome membrane t-SNAREs homolog 1B Q9BV40 Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 VAMP8 Lysosome membrane Q9H0V9 VIP36-like protein LMAN2L Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q96D96 Voltage-gated hydrogen channel 1 HVCN1 Membrane P61421 V-type proton ATPase subunit d 1 ATP6V0D1 Membrane Q92504 Zinc transporter SLC39A7 SLC39A7 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q92604 Acyl-CoA: lysophosphatidylglycerol LPGAT1 Endoplasmic reticulum acyltransferase 1 membrane Q01518 Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 CAP1 Cell membrane P40616 ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 1 ARL1 Golgi apparatus membrane Q96BM9 ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8A ARL8A Late endosome membrane Q16706 Alpha-mannosidase 2 MAN2A1 Golgi apparatus membrane Q02094 Ammonium transporter Rh type A RHAG Membrane Q9Y679 Ancient ubiquitous protein 1 AUP1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9HCE9 Anoctamin-8 ANO8 Cell membrane P63010 AP-2 complex subunit beta AP2B1 Cell membrane Q96CW1 AP-2 complex subunit mu AP2M1 Cell membrane Q07812 Apoptosis regulator BAX BAX Mitochondrion membrane P10415 Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 BCL2 Mitochondrion outer membrane P29972 Aquaporin-1 AQP1 Cell membrane P03928 ATP synthase protein 8 MT-ATP8 Mitochondrion membrane Q9BXK5 Bcl-2-like protein 13 BCL2L13 Mitochondrion membrane Q8WY22 BRI3-binding protein BRI3BP Mitochondrion outer membrane P08311 Cathepsin G CTSG Cell surface P48509 CD151 antigen CD151 Membrane P13987 CD59 glycoprotein CD59 Cell membrane P60033 CD81 antigen CD81 Membrane P27701 CD82 antigen CD82 Membrane P14209 CD99 antigen CD99 Membrane P60953 Cell division control protein 42 homolog CDC42 Cell membrane Q6ZMG9 Ceramide synthase 6 CERS6 Nucleus membrane Q8WWI5 Choline transporter-like protein 1 SLC44A1 Cell membrane Q8IWA5 Choline transporter-like protein 2 SLC44A2 Membrane Q96FZ5 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane CMTM7 Membrane domain-containing protein 7 P08174 Complement decay-accelerating factor CD55 Cell membrane Q9UBG0 C-type mannose receptor 2 MRC2 Membrane O14569 Cytochrome b561 domain-containing CYB561D2 Membrane protein 2 P00414 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 MT-CO3 Mitochondrion inner membrane P15954 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, COX7C Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial P10176 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, COX8A Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial Q9BUN8 Derlin-1 DERL1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9GZP9 Derlin-2 DERL2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P15924 Desmoplakin DSP Cell junction Q86YN1 Dolichyldiphosphatase 1 DOLPP1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P22413 Ectonucleotide ENPP1 Cell membrane pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1 Q9H4M9 EH domain-containing protein 1 EHD1 Recycling endosome membrane Q16134 Electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone ETFDH Mitochondrion inner membrane oxidoreductase, mitochondrial P50402 Emerin EMD Nucleus inner membrane P24530 Endothelin B receptor EDNRB Cell membrane Q9BV81 ER membrane protein complex subunit 6 EMC6 Membrane Q9H4I9 Essential MCU regulator, mitochondrial SMDT1 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q14802 FXYD domain-containing ion transport FXYD3 Membrane regulator 3 Q96BI3 Gamma-secretase subunit APH-1A APH1A Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q96A29 GDP-fucose transporter 1 SLC35C1 Golgi apparatus membrane O43826 Glucose-6-phosphate translocase SLC37A4 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P04921 Glycophorin-C GYPC Cell membrane Q2TAP0 Golgin subfamily A member 7B GOLGA7B Golgi apparatus membrane Q9H3S5 GPI mannosyltransferase 1 PIGM Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P63218 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein GNG5 Cell membrane G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 Q14344 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein GNA13 Membrane subunit alpha-13 Q7LGA3 Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1 HS2ST1 Golgi apparatus membrane Q30201 Hereditary hemochromatosis protein HFE Membrane P52789 Hexokinase-2 HK2 Mitochondrion outer membrane Q9Y241 HIG1 domain family member 1A, HIGD1A Mitochondrion membrane mitochondrial P30825 High affinity cationic amino acid SLC7A1 Cell membrane transporter 1 P17693 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-G Membrane alpha chain G P28068 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DMB Late endosome membrane DM beta chain P13765 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DOB Endosome membrane DO beta chain Q96CC6 Inactive rhomboid protein 1 RHBDF1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y2U8 Inner nuclear membrane protein Man1 LEMD3 Nucleus inner membrane Q86V85 Integral membrane protein GPR180 GPR180 Membrane Q9UKX5 Integrin alpha-11 ITGA11 Membrane P18564 Integrin beta-6 ITGB6 Membrane Q8N6L1 Keratinocyte-associated protein 2 KRTCAP2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q8NC54 Keratinocyte-associated transmembrane KCT2 Membrane protein 2 Q9ULH0 Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa KIDINS220 Membrane Q16850 Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase CYP51A1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P19397 Leukocyte surface antigen CD53 CD53 Cell membrane QI3449 Limbic system-associated membrane LSAMP Cell membrane protein Q96S06 Lipase maturation factor 1 LMF1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O95573 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 3 ACSL3 Mitochondrion outer membrane Q92633 Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 LPAR1 Cell surface Q8NF37 Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 LPCAT1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q7L5N7 Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 LPCAT2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q6ZNC8 Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 MBOAT1 Membrane Q96N66 Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 MBOAT7 Membrane P13473 Lysosome-associated membrane LAMP2 Cell membrane glycoprotein 2 P84157 Matrix-remodeling-associated protein 7 MXRA7 Membrane Q5JRA6 Melanoma inhibitory activity protein 3 MIA3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q8TBP5 Membrane protein FAM174A FAM174A Membrane Q5EB52 Mesoderm-specific transcript homolog MEST Endoplasmic reticulum protein membrane Q99735 Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 MGST2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y584 Mitochondrial import inner membrane TIMM22 Mitochondrion inner membrane translocase subunit Tim22 O94826 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM70A Mitochondrion outer membrane TOM70 Q96LU5 Mitochondrial inner membrane protease IMMP1L Mitochondrion inner membrane subunit 1 Q9BV23 Monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD6 ABHD6 Membrane O95297 Myelin protein zero-like protein 1 MPZL1 Membrane Q96S97 Myeloid-associated differentiation marker MYADM Membrane O43505 N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N- B3GNT1 Golgi apparatus membrane acetylglucosaminyltransferase P03905 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 MT-ND4 Mitochondrion membrane P03915 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 MT-ND5 Mitochondrion inner membrane O14786 Neuropilin-1 NRP1 Cell membrane Q15758 Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) SLC1A5 Cell membrane Q8N9A8 Nuclear envelope phosphatase-regulatory CNEP1R1 Nucleus membrane subunit 1 Q92621 Nuclear pore complex protein Nup205 NUP205 Nucleus membrane Q9Y2C4 Nuclease EXOG, mitochondrial EXOG Mitochondrion inner membrane Q9P0S3 ORM1-like protein 1 ORMDL1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q96BW9 Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase, TAMM41 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial Q9BVG9 Phosphatidylserine synthase 2 PTDSS2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q8IV08 Phospholipase D3 PLD3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9NRY6 Phospholipid scramblase 3 PLSCR3 Mitochondrion membrane P13224 Platelet glycoprotein Ib beta chain GP1BB Membrane P09619 Platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRB Cell membrane beta O00592 Podocalyxin PODXL Apical cell membrane P15151 Poliovirus receptor PVR Cell membrane Q8N2U9 PQ-loop repeat-containing protein 1 PQLC1 Membrane O60831 PRA1 family protein 2 PRAF2 Endosome membrane P49810 Presenilin-2 PSEN2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9UKR5 Probable ergosterol biosynthetic protein 28 C14orf1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q02809 Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5- PLOD1 Rough endoplasmic reticulum dioxygenase 1 membrane Q9Y284 Protein Asterix WDR83OS Membrane Q9P003 Protein cornichon homolog 4 CNIH4 Membrane Q9UBU6 Protein FAM8A1 FAM8A1 Membrane Q9C0E8 Protein lunapark LNP Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9NQG1 Protein MANBAL MANBAL Membrane P06703 Protein S100-A6 S100A6 Nucleus envelope Q8TF72 Protein Shroom3 SHROOM3 Cell junction Q9H2V7 Protein spinster homolog 1 SPNS1 Mitochondrion inner membrane Q14761 Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type PTPRCAP Membrane C-associated protein O95070 Protein YIF1A YIF1A Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q5BJH7 Protein YIF1B YIF1B Membrane Q969M3 Protein YIPF5 YIPF5 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q04941 Proteolipid protein 2 PLP2 Membrane A6NKF9 Putative Golgi pH regulator C GPR89C Membrane Q14699 Raftlin RFTN1 Cell membrane P46940 Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1 IQGAP1 Cell membrane Q9UL25 Ras-related protein Rab-21 RAB21 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P51159 Ras-related protein Rab-27A RAB27A Membrane Q12913 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein PTPRJ Cell membrane phosphatase eta Q969E2 Secretory carrier-associated membrane SCAMP4 Membrane protein 4 Q15165 Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 2 PON2 Membrane A6NMB1 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 16 SIGLEC16 Membrane P0DJ93 Small integral membrane protein 13 SMIM13 Membrane Q8N5G0 Small integral membrane protein 20 SMIM20 Membrane Q8WUM9 Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 SLC20A1 Membrane Q9BXP2 Solute carrier family 12 member 9 SLC12A9 Cell membrane Q96BI1 Solute carrier family 22 member 18 SLC22A18 Apical cell membrane Q96GZ6 Solute carrier family 41 member 3 SLC41A3 Cell membrane Q8NBI5 Solute carrier family 43 member 3 SLC43A3 Membrane O94956 Solute carrier organic anion transporter SLCO2B1 Cell membrane family member 2B1 O95136 Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 S1PR2 Cell membrane Q15738 Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3- NSDHL Endoplasmic reticulum dehydrogenase, decarboxylating membrane P08842 Steryl-sulfatase STS Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O43759 Synaptogyrin-1 SYNGR1 Membrane P34741 Syndecan-2 SDC2 Membrane Q13190 Syntaxin-5 STX5 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane Q9UNK0 Syntaxin-8 STX8 Membrane O00560 Syntenin-1 SDCBP Cell junction O60637 Tetraspanin-3 TSPAN3 Membrane Q8NFQ8 Torsin-1A-interacting protein 2 TOR1AIP2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9UNL2 Translocon-associated protein subunit SSR3 Endoplasmic reticulum gamma membrane Q9Y3Q3 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing TMED3 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi protein 3 intermediate compartment membrane Q4V9L6 Transmembrane protein 119 TMEM119 Membrane Q9P0S9 Transmembrane protein 14C TMEM14C Mitochondrion membrane Q9HC07 Transmembrane protein 165 TMEM165 Golgi apparatus membrane Q9P2C4 Transmembrane protein 181 TMEM181 Membrane Q6NUQ4 Transmembrane protein 214 TMEM214 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q8N2U0 Transmembrane protein 256 TMEM256 Membrane P61165 Transmembrane protein 258 TMEM258 Membrane Q5BJF2 Transmembrane protein 97 TMEM97 Nucleus membrane Q6ZT21 Transmembrane protein with TMPPE Membrane metallophosphoesterase domain Q8IXB3 Tumor suppressor candidate 5 TUSC5 Membrane Q9ULQ1 Two pore calcium channel protein 1 TPCN1 Lysosome membrane Q8N4L2 Type 2 phosphatidylinositol 4,5- TMEM55A Late endosome membrane bisphosphate 4-phosphatase P07948 Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn LYN Cell membrane Q969S0 UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine SLC35B4 Golgi apparatus membrane transporter Q8IYS2 Uncharacterized protein KIAA2013 KIAA2013 Membrane Q13336 Urea transporter 1 SLC14A1 Cell membrane Q3ZAQ7 Vacuolar ATPase assembly integral VMA21 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein VMA21 membrane Q96GC9 Vacuole membrane protein 1 VMP1 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane Q9Y3E0 Vesicle transport protein GOT1B GOLT1B Golgi apparatus membrane Q8N0U8 Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex VKORC1L1 Endoplasmic reticulum subunit 1-like protein 1 membrane P54289 Voltage-dependent calcium channel CACNA2D1 Membrane subunit alpha-2/delta-l Q8WY21 VPS10 domain-containing receptor SorCS1 SORCS1 Membrane P27449 V-type proton ATPase 16 kDa proteolipid ATP6V0C Vacuole membrane subunit Q15043 Zinc transporter ZIP14 SLC39A14 Cell membrane P08865 40S ribosomal protein SA RPSA Cell membrane P17643 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid TYRP1 Melanosome membrane oxidase Q00013 55 kDa erythrocyte membrane protein MPP1 Membrane O00767 Acyl-CoA desaturase SCD Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P25054 Adenomatous polyposis coli protein APC Cell junction Q10588 ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose BST1 Cell membrane hydrolase 2 P36405 ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 3 ARL3 Golgi apparatus membrane P05186 Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific ALPL Cell membrane isozyme O00116 Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate AGPS Peroxisome membrane synthase, peroxisomal Q9NVD7 Alpha-parvin PARVA Cell junction P54920 Alpha-soluble NSF attachment protein NAPA Membrane P04920 Anion exchange protein 2 SLC4A2 Membrane Q86XL3 Ankyrin repeat and LEM domain-containing ANKLE2 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 2 membrane O75843 AP-1 complex subunit gamma-like 2 AP1G2 Golgi apparatus membrane P53680 AP-2 complex subunit sigma AP2S1 Cell membrane P33897 ATP-binding cassette sub-family D ABCD1 Peroxisome membrane member 1 P50895 Basal cell adhesion molecule BCAM Membrane Q13884 Beta-1-syntrophin SNTB1 Cell membrane Q13425 Beta-2-syntrophin SNTB2 Membrane Q9HBI1 Beta-parvin PARVB Cell junction Q9Y5Z0 Beta-secretase 2 BACE2 Membrane Q5VW32 BRO1 domain-containing protein BROX BROX Membrane Q96CX2 BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD12 Cell junction KCTD12 Q16581 C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor C3AR1 Cell membrane P55287 Cadherin-11 CDH11 Cell membrane P19022 Cadherin-2 CDH2 Cell membrane P10644 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I- PRKAR1A Cell membrane alpha regulatory subunit P22748 Carbonic anhydrase 4 CA4 Cell membrane P14384 Carboxypeptidase M CPM Cell membrane P13688 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell CEACAM1 Cell membrane adhesion molecule 1 P40199 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell CEACAM6 Cell membrane adhesion molecule 6 P31997 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell CEACAM8 Cell membrane adhesion molecule 8 Q6YHK3 CD109 antigen CD109 Cell membrane Q13740 CD166 antigen ALCAM Membrane O43633 Charged multivesicular body protein 2a CHMP2A Late endosome membrane Q96FZ7 Charged multivesicular body protein 6 CHMP6 Endomembrane system Q9NY35 Claudin domain-containing protein 1 CLDND1 Membrane Q9UGN4 CMRF35-like molecule 8 CD300A Cell membrane Q9ULV4 Coronin-1C CORO1C Cell membrane P57737 Coronin-7 CORO7 Golgi apparatus membrane P78310 Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor CXADR Cell membrane Q9H1C7 Cysteine-rich and transmembrane domain- CYSTM1 Membrane containing protein 1 P14927 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 UQCRB Mitochondrion inner membrane P47985 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, UQCRFS1 Mitochondrion inner membrane mitochondrial O14548 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related COX7A2L Mitochondrion inner membrane protein, mitochondrial Q99418 Cytohesin-2 CYTH2 Cell membrane Q9UKG1 DCC-interacting protein 13-alpha APPL1 Early endosome membrane Q92608 Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 2 DOCK2 Endomembrane system Q15392 Delta(24)-sterol reductase DHCR24 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q92629 Delta-sarcoglycan SGCD Cell membrane Q02413 Desmoglein-1 DSG1 Cell membrane Q16832 Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 DDR2 Cell membrane Q96PD2 Discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain- DCBLD2 Membrane containing protein 2 Q12959 Disks large homolog 1 DLG1 Membrane P31689 DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 DNAJA1 Membrane O60884 DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 2 DNAJA2 Membrane Q9P2X0 Dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase DPM3 Endoplasmic reticulum subunit 3 membrane P11532 Dystrophin DMD Cell membrane Q5T4S7 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR4 UBR4 Membrane Q9NZN4 EH domain-containing protein 2 EHD2 Cell membrane Q9NZN3 EH domain-containing protein 3 EHD3 Cell membrane Q9H223 EH domain-containing protein 4 EHD4 Cell membrane Q9NZ08 Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 ERAP1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9HCU0 Endosialin CD248 Membrane P29320 Ephrin type-A receptor 3 EPHA3 Cell membrane P54760 Ephrin type-B receptor 4 EPHB4 Cell membrane Q9UBC2 Epidermal growth factor receptor substrate EPS15L1 Cell membrane 15-like 1 Q96HE7 ERO1-like protein alpha ERO1L Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9BSJ8 Extended synaptotagmin-1 ESYT1 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q8N6M3 Fat storage-inducing transmembrane FITM2 Endoplasmic reticulum protein 2 membrane O95864 Fatty acid desaturase 2 FADS2 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y5Y0 Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor- FLVCR1 Cell membrane related protein 1 P41440 Folate transporter 1 SLC19A1 Membrane Q7Z2K8 G protein-regulated inducer of neurite GPRIN1 Cell membrane outgrowth 1 Q8TB36 Ganglioside-induced differentiation- GDAP1 Mitochondrion outer membrane associated protein 1 P17302 Gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA1 Cell membrane P36383 Gap junction gamma-1 protein GJC1 Cell membrane P35052 Glypican-1 GPC1 Cell membrane O75487 Glypican-4 GPC4 Cell membrane Q9H4G4 Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis- GLIPR2 Golgi apparatus membrane related protein 1 Q9Y653 G-protein coupled receptor 56 GPR56 Cell membrane Q9NZH0 G-protein coupled receptor family C group GPRC5B Cell membrane 5 member B Q9NQ84 G-protein coupled receptor family C group GPRC5C Cell membrane 5 member C P01112 GTPase HRas HRAS Cell membrane P01111 GTPase NRas NRAS Cell membrane Q14C86 GTPase-activating protein and VPS9 GAPVD1 Membrane domain-containing protein 1 Q15382 GTP-binding protein Rheb RHEB Endomembrane system Q9Y6B6 GTP-binding protein SAR1b SAR1B Endoplasmic reticulum membrane O15431 High affinity copper uptake protein 1 SLC31A1 Cell membrane Q5DX21 Immunoglobulin superfamily member 11 IGSF11 Cell membrane O75054 Immunoglobulin superfamily member 3 IGSF3 Membrane Q969P0 Immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 IGSF8 Cell membrane Q71H61 Immunoglobulin-like domain-containing ILDR2 Endoplasmic reticulum receptor 2 membrane Q13308 Inactive tyrosine-protein kinase 7 PTK7 Membrane Q9Y287 Integral membrane protein 2B ITM2B Golgi apparatus membrane P13612 Integrin alpha-4 ITGA4 Membrane Q13683 Integrin alpha-7 ITGA7 Membrane P53708 Integrin alpha-8 ITGA8 Membrane P20701 Integrin alpha-L ITGAL Membrane P11215 Integrin alpha-M ITGAM Membrane Q13418 Integrin-linked protein kinase ILK Cell junction O15554 Intermediate conductance calcium- KCNN4 Membrane activated potassium channel protein 4 P14923 Junction plakoglobin JUP Cell junction Q96J84 Kin of IRRE-like protein 1 KIRREL Cell membrane P42167 Lamina-associated polypeptide 2, isoforms TMPO Nucleus inner membrane beta/gamma P20700 Lamin-B1 LMNB1 Nucleus inner membrane P40126 L-dopachrome tautomerase DCT Melanosome membrane Q15334 Lethal(2) giant larvae protein homolog 1 LLGL1 Early endosome membrane Q14392 Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 32 LRRC32 Membrane P11049 Leukocyte antigen CD37 CD37 Membrane P16150 Leukosialin SPN Membrane Q16873 Leukotriene C4 synthase LTC4S Nucleus outer membrane Q08477 Leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 2 CYP4F3 Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P48059 LIM and senescent cell antigen-like- LIMS1 Cell junction containing domain protein 1 O43561 Linker for activation of T-cells family LAT Cell membrane member 1 O14494 Lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 1 PPAP2A Cell membrane Q6ZUX7 Lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 2 LHFPL2 Membrane protein Q5K4L6 Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 3 SLC27A3 Mitochondrion membrane O60488 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 ACSL4 Mitochondrion outer membrane P01130 Low-density lipoprotein receptor LDLR Cell membrane Q7Z4W1 L-xylulose reductase DCXR Membrane Q13571 Lysosomal-associated transmembrane LAPTM5 Lysosome membrane protein 5 Q9NZW5 MAGUK p55 subfamily member 6 MPP6 Membrane Q6NUT3 Major facilitator superfamily domain- MFSD12 Membrane containing protein 12 P04156 Major prion protein PRNP Cell membrane Q9BSK0 MARVEL domain-containing protein 1 MARVELD1 Cell membrane Q8IX19 Mast cell-expressed membrane protein 1 MCEMP1 Membrane P10721 Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit KIT Cell membrane P40967 Melanocyte protein PMEL PMEL Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q16655 Melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells 1 MLANA Endoplasmic reticulum membrane P08582 Melanotransferrin MFI2 Cell membrane Q658P3 Metalloreductase STEAP3 STEAP3 Endosome membrane Q8N3F8 MICAL-like protein 1 MICALL1 Recycling endosome membrane Q99595 Mitochondrial import inner membrane TIMM17A Mitochondrion inner membrane translocase subunit Tim17-A Q15388 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM20 Mitochondrion outer membrane TOM20 homolog Q8IXI1 Mitochondrial Rho GTPase 2 RHOT2 Mitochondrion outer membrane O15427 Monocarboxylate transporter 4 SLC16A3 Cell membrane O15403 Monocarboxylate transporter 7 SLC16A6 Cell membrane P33527 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 Cell membrane O15439 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 Membrane O75970 Multiple PDZ domain protein MPDZ Cell membrane P60201 Myelin proteolipid protein PLP1 Cell membrane Q9UI09 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 NDUFA12 Mitochondrion inner membrane alpha subcomplex subunit 12 P16435 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q9Y2A7 Nck-associated protein 1 NCKAP1 Cell membrane P55160 Nck-associated protein 1-like NCKAP1L Cell membrane Q92692 Nectin-2 PVRL2 Cell membrane P08473 Neprilysin MME Cell membrane Q8NF91 Nesprin-1 SYNE1 Nucleus outer membrane P13591 Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 NCAM1 Cell membrane O15394 Neural cell adhesion molecule 2 NCAM2 Cell membrane Q04721 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 NOTCH2 Cell membrane Q9UM47 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 NOTCH3 Cell membrane Q7Z3B1 Neuronal growth regulator 1 NEGR1 Cell membrane O60462 Neuropilin-2 NRP2 Membrane P43007 Neutral amino acid transporter A SLC1A4 Membrane Q8N1F7 Nuclear pore complex protein Nup93 NUP93 Nucleus membrane Q99571 P2X purinoceptor 4 P2RX4 Membrane Q9C0B5 Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 ZDHHC5 Cell membrane O75781 Paralemmin-1 PALM Cell membrane Q96HC4 PDZ and LIM domain protein 5 PDLIM5 Cell junction Q14318 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP8 FKBP8 Mitochondrion membrane Q99755 Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase PIP5K1A Cell membrane type-1 alpha O60331 Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase PIP5K1C Cell membrane type-1 gamma O15162 Phospholipid scramblase 1 PLSCR1 Cell membrane Q9H8W4 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing PLEKHF2 Early endosome membrane family F member 2 Q9UIW2 Plexin-A1 PLXNA1 Cell membrane O15031 Plexin-B2 PLXNB2 Cell membrane Q9Y4D7 Plexin-D1 PLXND1 Cell membrane Q6NZI2 Polymerase I and transcript release factor PTRF Membrane Q9H7F0 Probable cation-transporting ATPase 13A3 ATP13A3 Membrane O75340 Programmed cell death protein 6 PDCD6 Nucleus membrane Q9P2B2 Prostaglandin F2 receptor negative PTGFRN Endoplasmic reticulum regulator membrane Q8TCG1 Protein CIP2A KIAA1524 Membrane O60610 Protein diaphanous homolog 1 DIAPH1 Cell membrane Q99497 Protein DJ-1 PARK7 Cell membrane Q14156 Protein EFR3 homolog A EFR3A Cell membrane Q9H8M9 Protein eva-1 homolog A EVA1A Endoplasmic reticulum membrane Q8N5C1 Protein FAM26E FAM26E Membrane Q96RT1 Protein LAP2 ERBB2IP Cell junction Q969X1 Protein lifeguard 3 TMBIM1 Membrane Q9NUP9 Protein lin-7 homolog C LIN7C Cell membrane Q14160 Protein scribble homolog SCRIB Cell membrane Q15437 Protein transport protein Sec23B SEC23B Golgi apparatus membrane Q9BSA4 Protein tweety homolog 2 TTYH2 Cell membrane Q9C0H2 Protein tweety homolog 3 TTYH3 Cell membrane O75695 Protein XRP2 RP2 Cell membrane Q96EC8 Protein YIPF6 YIPF6 Membrane Q14517 Protocadherin Fat 1 FAT1 Cell membrane O60245 Protocadherin-7 PCDH7 Cell membrane Q14242 P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 SELPLG Membrane A6NGU5 Putative gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 3 GGT3P Membrane Q14644 Ras GTPase-activating protein 3 RASA3 Cell membrane Q9UL26 Ras-related protein Rab-22A RAB22A Endosome membrane Q9ULC3 Ras-related protein Rab-23 RAB23 Cell membrane O00194 Ras-related protein Rab-27B RAB27B Membrane Q9H082 Ras-related protein Rab-33B RAB33B Golgi apparatus membrane P57729 Ras-related protein Rab-38 RAB38 Cell membrane Q9NP90 Ras-related protein Rab-9B RAB9B Cell membrane Q16827 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein PTPRO Membrane phosphatase O Q8IUW5 RELT-like protein 1 RELL1 Cell membrane Q8NFJ5 Retinoic acid-induced protein 3 GPRC5A Cell membrane Q9Y6N7 Roundabout homolog 1 ROBO1 Membrane Q8WTV0 Scavenger receptor class B member 1 SCARB1 Cell membrane O14828 Secretory carrier-associated membrane SCAMP3 Membrane protein 3 O94804 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 10 STK10 Cell membrane Q7KZI7 Serine/threonine-protein kinase MARK2 MARK2 Cell membrane Q08209 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B PPP3CA Cell membrane catalytic subunit alpha isoform Q9P0V3 SH3 domain-binding protein 4 SH3BP4 Membrane O43699 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 SIGLEC6 Cell membrane Q9NYZ4 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 8 SIGLEC8 Membrane Q9UIB8 SLAM family member 5 CD84 Cell membrane O75044 SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating SRGAP2 Cell membrane protein 2 Q8NHG7 Small VCP/p97-interacting protein SVIP Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane P31641 Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine SLC6A6 Cell membrane transporter Q9Y6M7 Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 3 SLC4A7 Basolateral cell membrane P19634 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 SLC9A1 Membrane Q96QD8 Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid SLC38A2 Cell membrane transporter 2 Q9Y289 Sodium-dependent multivitamin SLC5A6 Membrane transporter P55011 Solute carrier family 12 member 2 SLC12A2 Membrane Q9UGH3 Solute carrier family 23 member 2 SLC23A2 Cell membrane Q96K37 Solute carrier family 35 member E1 SLC35E1 Membrane Q00796 Sorbitol dehydrogenase SORD Mitochondrion membrane Q99523 Sortilin SORT1 Membrane Q13596 Sorting nexin-1 SNX1 Endosome membrane Q96RF0 Sorting nexin-18 SNX18 Endomembrane system O60749 Sorting nexin-2 SNX2 Early endosome membrane Q96L92 Sorting nexin-27 SNX27 Early endosome membrane Q9Y5X1 Sorting nexin-9 SNX9 Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane Q02318 Sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial CYP27A1 Mitochondrion membrane P50443 Sulfate transporter SLC26A2 Membrane O95425 Supervillin SVIL Cell membrane Q86Y82 Syntaxin-12 STX12 Endosome membrane Q13277 Syntaxin-3 STX3 Membrane Q9HBL0 Tensin-1 TNS1 Cell surface Q68CZ2 Tensin-3 TNS3 Cell junction Q8NG11 Tetraspanin-14 TSPAN14 Membrane O14817 Tetraspanin-4 TSPAN4 Membrane O60779 Thiamine transporter 1 SLC19A2 Membrane Q07157 Tight junction protein ZO-1 TJP1 Cell membrane Q9UP52 Transferrin receptor protein 2 TFR2 Cell membrane Q9Y5S1 Transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV2 Cell membrane subfamily V member 2 P30408 Transmembrane 4 L6 family member 1 TM4SF1 Membrane Q5U3C3 Transmembrane protein 164 TMEM164 Membrane Q8IY95 Transmembrane protein 192 TMEM192 Lysosome membrane Q8WUH6 Transmembrane protein 263 TMEM263 Membrane Q9BQJ4 Transmembrane protein 47 TMEM47 Membrane Q9NW97 Transmembrane protein 51 TMEM51 Membrane Q9HCN3 Transmembrane protein 8A TMEM8A Membrane Q6UWD8 Transmembrane protein C16orf54 C16orf54 Membrane Q13641 Trophoblast glycoprotein TPBG Cell membrane Q9BTW9 Tubulin-specific chaperone D TBCD Cell junction P50591 Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily TNFSF10 Membrane member 10 Q92956 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily TNFRSF14 Membrane member 14 P25445 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily FAS Cell membrane member 6 Q6RW13 Type-1 angiotensin II receptor-associated AGTRAP Endoplasmic reticulum protein membrane P23458 Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 JAK1 Endomembrane system P43405 Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK SYK Cell membrane Q01973 Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane ROR1 Membrane receptor ROR1 P07947 Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes YES1 Cell membrane P18031 Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non- PTPN1 Endoplasmic reticulum receptor type 1 membrane P78324 Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non- SIRPA Membrane receptor type substrate 1 O95164 Ubiquitin-like protein 3 UBL3 Cell membrane Q6ZWK4 Uncharacterized protein C1orf186 C1orf186 Membrane P46939 Utrophin UTRN Cell junction Q9P253 Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein VPS18 Late endosome membrane 18 homolog Q9UK41 Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein VPS28 Cell membrane 28 homolog Q9H9H4 Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein VPS37B Late endosome membrane 37B Q9UN37 Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein VPS4A Prevacuolar compartment 4A membrane O75351 Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein VPS4B Prevacuolar compartment 4B membrane O95562 Vesicle transport protein SFT2B SFT2D2 Membrane O95292 Vesicle-associated membrane protein- VAPB Endoplasmic reticulum associated protein B/C membrane P21281 V-type proton ATPase subunit B, brain ATP6V1B2 Endomembrane system isoform Q9Y6M5 Zinc transporter 1 SLC30A1 Cell membrane Q9ULF5 Zinc transporter ZIP10 SLC39A10 Membrane Q13433 Zinc transporter ZIP6 SLC39A6 Cell membrane 

1.-27. (canceled)
 28. A method comprising the steps of: (a) fragmenting a human tissue into a plurality of pieces; (b) incubating the plurality of pieces with one or more enzymes to release extracellular vesicles from the plurality of pieces, wherein the one or more enzymes are selected from a group of proteases including a matrix metalloproteinase, collagenases, and papain and nucleases including DNase, RNase, and Benzonase; (c) isolating extracellular vesicles from the plurality of pieces after step (b); (d) treating the extracellular vesicles with an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution has a pH in a range of 9 to 14 to generate membranes; (e) isolating the membranes; and (f) identifying proteins on the membranes by employing mass spectrometry to identify tissue specific membrane proteins.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the human tissue comprises diseased tissue.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the diseased tissue is a tumor.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the tumor is a lung cancer, larynx cancer, stomach cancer, large intestine/rectal cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, uterine cervical cancer, prostate cancer, or kidney cancer.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the tumor is a melanoma, bone cancer, muscle cancer, adipose tissue sarcoma, or mesothelioma.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the tumor is a neuroma, neuroblastoma, or medulloblastoma.
 34. The method of claim 28, wherein the human tissue is liver, brain, kidney, heart, lung, skin, stomach, intestines, lymph nodes, bone marrow, peripheral or central nervous tissue, endocrine glands, adipose tissue or muscles.
 35. The method of claim 28, wherein isolating the membranes at the step (e) comprises ultracentrifugation.
 36. The method of claim 29, further comprising isolating extracellular vesicles from a diseased human tissue using a specific binder for a diseased tissue-specific membrane proteins identified in step (f) and characterizing at least one of: i. their disease-specific proteome; ii. their disease-related RNA cargo; and iii. their disease-related DNA cargo.
 37. The method of claim 28, wherein the enzymes comprise collagenase D and DNase I.
 38. The method of claim 28, wherein isolating the extracellular vesicles at the step (c) comprises filtration and centrifugation to remove cells and tissue debris. 